Pteranodon

Pteranodon Periode Kapur Akhir, 86–84.5 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Pteranodon sternbergi
Taksonomi
Subkerajaan	Eumetazoa
Subkerajaan	Bilateria
Klad	Nephrozoa
Superfilum	Deuterostomia
Filum	Chordata
Subfilum	Vertebrata
Infrafilum	Gnathostomata
Klad	Eugnathostomata
Megaclass	Osteichthyes
Superkelas	Sarcopterygii
Klad	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
Klad	Tetrapodomorpha
Ordo	Eotetrapodiformes
Infrakelas	Elpistostegalia
Klad	Stegocephalia
Superkelas	Tetrapoda
Klad	Reptiliomorpha
Klad	Amniota
Klad	Sauropsida
Kelas	Reptilia
Klad	Eureptilia
Klad	Romeriida
Klad	Diapsida
Klad	Neodiapsida
Klad	Sauria
Klad	Archelosauria
Klad	Archosauromorpha
Klad	Archosauriformes
Klad	Eucrocopoda
Klad	Crurotarsi
Klad	Archosauria
Klad	Avemetatarsalia
Klad	Ornithodira
Klad	Pterosauromorpha
Ordo	Pterosauria
Klad	Macronychoptera
Klad	Novialoidea
Klad	Breviquartossa
Klad	Digibrevisauria
Klad	Pterodactylomorpha
Klad	Monofenestrata
Klad	Pterodactyliformes
Klad	Caelidracones
Upaordo	Pterodactyloidea
Infraordo	Eupterodactyloidea
Superfamili	Ornithocheiroidea
Klad	Pteranodontoidea
Klad	Pteranodontia
Famili	Pteranodontidae
Subfamili	Pteranodontinae
Genus	Pteranodon Marsh, 1876
Tipe taksonomi	†Pteranodon longiceps
Tata nama
Sinonim takson	Occidentalia Miller, 1972 Geosternbergia? Miller, 1978 Longicepia Miller, 1978 Dawndraco? Kellner, 2010
Spesies lain
†P. sternbergi? Harksen, 1966

Pteranodon (/tɪˈrænədɒn/; dari Yunani πτερόν (pteron, "sayap") dan ἀνόδων (anodon, "tak bergigi")) adalah genus pterosaurus yang termasuk beberapa reptil terbang terbesar yang pernah diketahui, dengan rentang sayap melebihi 7 meter (23 kaki). Mereka hidup selama periode geologi Kapur di Amerika Utara yang sekarang dikenal dengan Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, dan South Dakota. Spesimen fosil Pteranodon telah ditemukan lebih banyak daripada pterosaurus lain, dengan sekitar 1,200 spesimen yang diketahui, sebagian besar terawetkan dengan baik dengan tengkorak-tengkorak yang hampir lengkap dan kerangka yang terartikulasi. Hewan ini termasuk bagian penting dari komunitas hewan dalam Laut Interior Barat.

Pteranodon adalah pterosaurus, yang berarti bukan termasuk dinosaurus. Secara definisi, seluruh dinosaurus termasuk salah satu dari dua kelompok dalam klad Dinosauria, contohnya Saurischia atau Ornithischia. Dengan demikian, ini tidak termasuk pterosaurus. Namun, Pteranodon seringkali muncul dalam media dinosaurus dan sangat terkait dengan dinosaurus oleh masyarakat umum. Meskipun tidak termasuk dinosaurus, pterosaurus seperti Pteranodon membentuk klad yang berkerabat dekat dengan dinosaurus karena keduanya termasuk dalam klad Avemetatarsalia.

Lihat juga

• Daftar genera pterosaurus
• Ukuran pterosaurus

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Anonymous. 1872. On two new Ornithosaurians from Kansas. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 3(17):374–375. (Probably by O. C. Marsh)
• Bennett, S. C. 2000. New information on the skeletons of Nyctosaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(Supplement to Number 3): 29A. (Abstract)
• Bennett, S. C. (2001). "The osteology and functional morphology of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon. Part II. Functional morphology". Palaeontographica, Abteilung A. 260: 113–153. 
• Bennett, S. C. (2003). "New crested specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Nyctosaurus". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 77: 61–75. doi:10.1007/bf03004560. 
• Bennett, S. C. (2007). "Articulation and function of the pteroid bone of pterosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 881–891. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[881:aafotp]2.0.co;2. 
• Betts, C. W. 1871. The Yale College Expedition of 1870. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 43(257):663–671. (Issue of October, 1871)
• Bonner, O. W. 1964. An osteological study of Nyctosaurus and Trinacromerum with a description of a new species of Nyctosaurus. Unpub. Masters Thesis, Fort Hays State University, 63 pages.
• Brower, J. C. (1983). "The aerodynamics of Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus, two large pterosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 3 (2): 84–124. doi:10.1080/02724634.1983.10011963. 
• Cope, E. D. 1872. On the geology and paleontology of the Cretaceous strata of Kansas. Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories 5:318–349 (Report for 1871).
• Cope, E. D. (1872). "On two new Ornithosaurians from Kansas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 12 (88): 420–422. 
• Cope, E. D. (1874). "Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River". U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories Bulletin. 1 (2): 3–48. 
• Eaton, G. F. 1903. The characters of Pteranodon. American Journal of Science, ser. 4, 16(91):82–86, pl. 6-7.
• Eaton, G. F. 1904. The characters of Pteranodon (second paper). American Journal of Science, ser. 4, 17(100):318–320, pl. 19-20.
• Eaton, G. F. (1908). "The skull of Pteranodon". Science. XXVII: 254–255. 
• Everhart, M. J. 1999. An early occurrence of Pteranodon sternbergi from the Smoky Hill Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Niobrara Chalk in western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 18(Abstracts):27.
• Everhart, M. J. 2005. Oceans of Kansas – A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, 320 pp.
• Harksen, J. C. (1966). "Pteranodon sternbergi, a new fossil pterodactyl from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas". Proceedings South Dakota Academy of Science. 45: 74–77. 
• Kripp, D. von. (1943). "Ein Lebensbild von Pteranodon ingens auf flugtechnischer Grundlage". Nova Acta Leopoldina. N.F. 12 (83): 16–32. 
• Lane, H. H. 1946. A survey of the fossil vertebrates of Kansas, Part III, The Reptiles, Kansas Academy Science, Transactions 49(3):289–332, figs. 1–7.
• Marsh, O. C. 1871. Scientific expedition to the Rocky Mountains. American Journal of Science ser. 3, 1(6):142–143.
• Marsh, O. C. 1871. Notice of some new fossil reptiles from the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 1(6):447–459.
• Marsh, O. C. 1871. Note on a new and gigantic species of Pterodactyle. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 1(6):472.
• Marsh, O. C. 1872. Discovery of additional remains of Pterosauria, with descriptions of two new species. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 3(16):241–248.
• Marsh, O. C. 1881. Note on American pterodactyls. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 21(124):342–343.
• Marsh, O. C. 1882. The wings of Pterodactyles. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 23(136):251–256, pl. III.
• Marsh, O. C. 1884. Principal characters of American Cretaceous pterodactyls. Part I. The skull of Pteranodon. American Journal of Science, Series 3, 27(161):422–426, pl. 15.
• Miller, H. W. (1971). "The taxonomy of the Pteranodon species from Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 74 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/3627663. JSTOR 3627663. 
• Miller, H. W. (1971). "A skull of Pteranodon (Longicepia) longiceps Marsh associated with wing and body parts". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 74 (10): 20–33. doi:10.2307/3627664. JSTOR 3627664. 
• Padian, K (1983). "A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs". Paleobiology. 9 (3): 218–239. doi:10.1017/S009483730000765X. 
• Russell, D. A. 1988. A check list of North American marine cretaceous vertebrates Including fresh water fishes, Occasional Paper of the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, (4):57.
• Schultze, H.-P., L. Hunt, J. Chorn and A. M. Neuner, 1985. Type and figured specimens of fossil vertebrates in the collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Part II. Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles. Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History 77:66 pp.
• Seeley, Harry G. 1871. Additional evidence of the structure of the head in ornithosaurs from the Cambridge Upper Greensand; being a supplement to "The Ornithosauria." The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 7:20–36, pls. 2–3. (Discovery of toothless pterosaurs in England)
• Shor, E. N. 1971. Fossils and flies; The life of a compleat scientist – Samuel Wendell Williston, 1851–1918, University of Oklahoma Press, 285 pp.
• Sternberg, C. H. 1990. The life of a fossil hunter, Indiana University Press, 286 pp. (Originally published in 1909 by Henry Holt and Company)
• Sternberg, G. F.; Walker, M. V. (1958). "Observation of articulated limb bones of a recently discovered Pteranodon in the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 61 (1): 81–85. doi:10.2307/3626742. JSTOR 3626742. 
• Stewart, J. D. 1990. Niobrara Formation vertebrate stratigraphy. pp. 19–30 in Bennett, S. C. (ed.), Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook, The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and the Kansas Geological Survey.
• Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2004). "Pterosaur embryo from the Early Cretaceous". Nature. 429 (6992): 621. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..621W. doi:10.1038/429621a . PMID 15190343. 
• Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The illustrated encyclopedia of pterosaurs. Crescent Books, New York, 192 pp.
• Williston, S. W. (1891). "The skull and hind extremity of Pteranodon". American Naturalist. 25 (300): 1124–1126. doi:10.1086/275456. 
• Williston, S. W. 1892. Kansas pterodactyls. Part I. Kansas University Quarterly 1:1–13, pl. i.
• Williston, S. W. 1893. Kansas pterodactyls. Part II. Kansas University Quarterly 2:79–81, with 1 fig.
• Williston, S. W. (1895). "Note on the mandible of Ornithostoma". Kansas University Quarterly. 4: 61. 
• Williston, S. W. 1896. On the skull of Ornithostoma. Kansas University Quarterly 4(4):195–197, with pl. i.
• Williston, S. W. 1897. Restoration of Ornithostoma (Pteranodon)" Kansas University Quarterly 6:35–51, with pl. ii.
• Williston, S. W. (1902). "On the skeleton of Nyctodactylus, with restoration". American Journal of Anatomy. 1 (3): 297–305. doi:10.1002/aja.1000010306. 
• Williston, S. W. 1902. On the skull of Nyctodactylus, an Upper Cretaceous pterodactyl. Journal of Geology 10:520–531, 2 pls.
• Williston, S. W. 1902. Winged reptiles. Pop. Science Monthly 60:314–322, 2 figs.
• Williston, S. W. 1903. On the osteology of Nyctosaurus (Nyctodactylus), with notes on American pterosaurs. Field Mus. Publ. (Geological Ser.) 2(3):125–163, 2 figs., pls. XL-XLIV.
• Williston, S. W. 1904. The fingers of pterodactyls. Geological Magazine, Series 5, 1: 59–60.
• Williston, S. W. (1911). "The wing-finger of pterodactyls, with restoration of Nyctosaurus". Journal of Geology. 19 (8): 696–705. Bibcode:1911JG.....19..696W. doi:10.1086/621914 . 
• Williston, S. W. (1912). "A review of G. B. Eaton's "Osteology of Pteranodon"". Journal of Geology. 20 (3): 288. Bibcode:1912JG.....20..288E. doi:10.1086/621967. 

Pranala luar

• Pteranodon – A Photographic Atlas – di Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
• Pencarian Pteranodon sternbergi yang terdokumentasi (Oceans of Kansas Paleontology)