Peradaban Lembah Indus: Perbedaan antara revisi

Peradaban Lembah Indus
Jangkauan; geografis	Asia Selatan
Periode	Zaman Perunggu
Tanggal	c. 3300—ca. 1700 BCE
Didahului oleh	Mehrgarh
Diikuti oleh	Periode Weda

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Revisi per 13 Juni 2018 18.54

Berkas:Indusvalleyexcavation.jpg

Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus berada sepanjang Sungai Indus di Pakistan sekarang ini. Puing Mohenjo-daro difoto di atas merupakan pusat dari masyarakat kuno ini.

Lokasi kota-kota kuno di Lembah Sungai Indus

Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus (Indus Valley Civilization; IVC), 2800 SM–1800 SM, merupakan sebuah peradaban kuno yang hidup sepanjang Sungai Indus yang sekarang merupakan wilayah Pakistan dan India barat. Sungai saraswati veda yang mungkin kering pada akhir 1900 SM. . [1]

Sejumlah situs utama Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus

Masyarakat

Orang-orang Dravida yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri menjadi tanda tanya bagi para arkeolog. Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara yang mereka gunakan dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih belum dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang. Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta. Hal ini mengakibatkan para peneliti berspekulasi kalau masyarakat Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan peradaban yang hidup bergantung sepenuhnya pada ilmu pengetahuan (sudah meninggalkan praktik keagamaan) dan memiliki filosofi hidup yang tinggi (terlihat dari ketiadaan sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial).^[3]

Lihat pula

Referensi

Bibliografi

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Allchin, Raymond (ed.) (1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Aronovsky, Ilona; Gopinath, Sujata (2005). The Indus Valley. Chicago: Heinemann.
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Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press
Chakrabarti, D. K. (2004). Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries. Mumbai: Marg Publications. ISBN 81-85026-63-7.
Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press
Dani, Ahmad Hassan (1984). Short History of Pakistan (Book 1). University of Karachi.
Dani, Ahmad Hassan; Mohen, J-P. (eds.) (1996). History of Humanity, Volume III, From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC. New York/Paris: Routledge/UNESCO. ISBN 0-415-09306-6.
Derenko, Miroslava (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians", PLOS ONE, 8 (11): e80673, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673, PMC 3828245 , PMID 24244704
Dikshit, K.N. (2013), "Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates" (PDF), Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology (9), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 18 January 2017
Gallego Romero, Irene; et al. (2011), "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence", Mol. Biol. Evol., 29: 249–60, doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190, PMID 21836184
Gangal, Kavita; Sarson, Graeme R.; Shukurov, Anvar (2014), "The Near-Eastern roots of the Neolithic in South Asia", PLOS ONE, 9: e95714, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714, PMC 4012948 , PMID 24806472
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Habib, Irfan (2002), The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib, Anthem Press
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Pustaka tambahan

Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press

Pranala luar

An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)
Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India
Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
The Indus Script (harappa.com)
http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
Horseplay in Harappa article debunking claims of decipherment of the "Indus script"
- A reply to Frontline’s cover story by Michael Danino
Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News
Indus artefacts
Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization

[indusmilleniumold-1] "Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012".

[milleniumold-2] "Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought".

[3] Kota kuno Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa, India

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Infobox archaeological culture
 |map         = Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png
 |mapalt      = Situs-situs utama IVC
@@ Baris 6: / Baris 5: @@
 |period      = [[Zaman Perunggu]]
 |dates       = {{circa|3300|1700 BCE}}<ref name="indusmilleniumold"/><ref name="milleniumold"/>
+|precededby =[[:en:Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh]]
-|precededby =[[Mehrgarh]]
 |followedby  = [[Periode Weda]]
 }}
@@ Baris 20: / Baris 17: @@
 == Lihat pula ==
+* [[:en:List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|Daftar lokasi Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus|]]
-* [[Kebudayaan Gandhara]]
+* [[:en:List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Daftar penemuan budaya Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
 * [[Mohenjo-daro]]
-* [[Meluhha]]
+* [[:en:Meluhha|Meluhha]]
 * [[Harappa]]
-* [[Chanhudaro]]
+* [[:En:Chanhudaro|Chanhudaro]]
 * [[Sindh]]
 == Referensi ==
 {{reflist|2|refs=
 <ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012}}</ref>
 <ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought}}</ref>
+}}
+== Bibliografi ==
+{{Refbegin|40em}}
+<!-- A -->
+* {{cite book|last=[[Bridget Allchin|Allchin, Bridget]]|year=1997|title=Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia|location=New York|publisher=Viking|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=[[F. Raymond Allchin|Allchin, Raymond]] (ed.)|year=1995|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Aronovsky|first=Ilona|author2=Gopinath, Sujata|year=2005|title=The Indus Valley|location=Chicago|publisher=Heinemann|ref=harv}}
+<!-- B -->
+* {{cite book|last=Basham|first=A. L.|title=The Wonder That Was India|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|location=London|year=1967|pages=11–14|ref=harv}}
+<!-- C -->
+* {{Citation | last1 =Cavalli-Sforza | first1 =Luigi Luca | last2 =Menozzi | first2 =Paolo | last3 =Piazza | first3 =Alberto | year =1994 | title =The History and Geography of Human Genes | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
+* {{cite book|first=D. K.|last=Chakrabarti|year=2004|title=Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries|publisher=Marg Publications|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-85026-63-7|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin |author1link=Robin Coningham | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
+<!-- D -->
+* {{cite book|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hassan|authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani|year=1984|title=Short History of Pakistan (Book 1)|publisher=University of Karachi|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hassan|authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author2=Mohen, J-P. (eds.)|year=1996|title=History of Humanity, Volume III, From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC|location=New York/Paris|publisher=Routledge/UNESCO|isbn=0-415-09306-6|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Derenko | first1 =Miroslava | year =2013 | title =Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians | journal =PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e80673 | doi =10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 | pmid=24244704 | pmc=3828245}}
+* {{Citation|last=Dikshit |first=K.N. |year=2013 |title=Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates |journal=Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology |issue=9 |url=http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032736/http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf |archivedate=18 January 2017 |df= }}
+<!-- G -->
+* {{Citation | last1 =Gallego Romero | first1 =Irene | year =2011 | title =Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence | journal =Mol. Biol. Evol. | doi =10.1093/molbev/msr190 | display-authors =etal | pmid=21836184 | volume=29 | pages=249–60}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Gangal | first1 =Kavita | last2 =Sarson | first2 =Graeme R. | last3 =Shukurov | first3 =Anvar | year =2014 | title =The Near-Eastern roots of the Neolithic in South Asia | journal =PLOS ONE | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 | pmid=24806472 | volume=9 | pmc=4012948 | pages=e95714}}
+* {{cite book|first=S. P.|last=Gupta|authorlink=S. P. Gupta|year=1996|title=The Indus-Saraswati Civilization: Origins, Problems and Issues|isbn=81-85268-46-0|publisher=Pratibha Prakashan|location=Delhi|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|first=S. P. (ed.)|last=Gupta|authorlink=S. P. Gupta|year=1995|title=The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilisation|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan|location=Jodhpur|ref=harv}}
+<!-- H -->
+* {{Citation | last =Habib | first =Irfan | year =2002 | title =The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib | publisher =Anthem Press}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Heggarty | first1 =Paul | last2 =Renfrew | first2 =Collin | year =2014 | chapter =South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages | editor-last1 =Renfrew | editor-first1 =Collin | editor-last2 =Bahn | editor-first2 =Paul | title =The Cambridge World Prehistory | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |editor=Adluri, Vishwa |editor2=Bagchee, Joydeep|title=When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies – Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZupXwid01CoC|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2 |chapter=The Indus Valley "Proto-Śiva", Re-examined through Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of vāhanas}}
+<!-- K -->
+* {{cite journal | last =Kathiroli | year=2004|title=Recent Marine Archaeological Finds in Khambhat, Gujarat|journal=Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology|issue=1|pages=141–149|ref=harv|display-authors=etal}}
+* {{cite book | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|year=1998|title=Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-577940-1|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|title=The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|year=1991|volume=5|pages=1–64|doi=10.1007/BF00978474|ref=harv|issue=4}}
+* {{cite book | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|author2=Heuston, Kimberly|year=2005|title=The Ancient South Asian World|location=Oxford/New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517422-4|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last=Kivisild | year=1999 | title=Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages | journal=Curr. Biol. | volume=9 | pages=1331–1334 | url=http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah.edu/elibrary/Kivisild_1999.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030014804/http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah.edu/elibrary/Kivisild_1999.pdf | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2005-10-30 | display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3 | pmid=10574762 }}
+* {{Citation | last =Kumar | first =Dhavendra | year=2004 | title =Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher =Springer | accessdate =2008-11-25 | isbn =1-4020-1215-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC}}
+<!-- L -->
+* {{cite book|first=B. B.|last=Lal|authorlink=B. B. Lal|year=1998|title=India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization|isbn=81-7305-129-1|publisher=Aryan Books International|location=New Delhi|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|first=B. B.|last=Lal|authorlink=B. B. Lal|year=1997|title=The Earliest Civilisation of South Asia (Rise, Maturity and Decline)|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|first=B. B.|last=Lal|authorlink=B. B. Lal|year=2002|title=The Sarasvati flows on|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East |journal=Nature |volume=536 |issue=7617 |pages=419–424 |biorxiv=059311  |doi=10.1038/nature19310 | ref={{sfnref|Lazaridis et al.|2016}} |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L|pmc=5003663 |pmid=27459054}}
+<!-- M -->
+* {{Citation | last =Mani | first =B.R. | year =2008 | title =Kashmir Neolithic and Early Harappan : A Linkage | journal =Pragdhara |volume=18 |pages=229–247 | url =http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/kneh_brm.pdf}}
+* {{cite book|last=Marshall|first=John|authorlink=John Marshall (archaeologist)|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tpc7FjVk0BMC|year=1931|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1179-5|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last =Manuel | first =Mark | year =2010 | chapter =Chronology and Culture-History in the Indus Valley | editor-last1 =Gunawardhana | editor-first1 =P. | editor-last2 =Adikari | editor-first2 =G. | editor-last3 = Coningham Battaramulla | editor-first3 =R.A.E. | title =Sirinimal Lakdusinghe Felicitation Volume | publisher =Neptune | url =https://www.academia.edu/243477/Chronology_and_Culture-History_in_the_Indus_Valley}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Desmond D. |last2=Raina |first2=Anupuma |last3=Aston |first3=Christopher E. |last4 =Sanghera  |first4=Dharambir K. | year=2015 |title=Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage |journal =BioMed Research International |volume=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/651415 |pages=1–16}}
+* {{cite book|last=Masson|first=Charles|year=1842|title=Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab; including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838|location=London|publisher=Richard Bentley|chapterurl=http://www.harappa.com/har/masson310.html|chapter=Chapter 2: Haripah|page=472|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184715/http://www.harappa.com/har/masson310.html|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}
+* {{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|title=A Peaceful Realm: The Rise And Fall of the Indus Civilization|location=Boulder|publisher=Westview Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8133-3532-9|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=FA275|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-907-2|chapter=Religion and ideology|ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite journal | last1 =Mirabal | first1 =Sheyla | year =2009 | title =Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia | journal =European Journal of Human Genetics | pmid =19259129 | volume =17 | issue =10 | pmc =2986641 | pages =1260–1273 | doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.6 | last2 =Regueiro | first2=M |last3=Cadenas |first3=AM |last4=Cavalli-Sforza | first4 =LL | last5 =Underhill | first5 =PA | last6 =Verbenko | first6 =DA | last7 =Limborska | first7 =SA | last8 =Herrera | first8 =RJ | display-authors =etal | ref= {{harvid|Mirabal|2009}} }}
+* {{cite book|authorlink=Mohammed Rafique Mughal|last=Mughal|first=Mohammad Rafique|year=1997|title=Ancient Cholistan, Archaeology and Architecture|publisher=Ferozesons|isbn=969-0-01350-5|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation |last1 =Mukherjee | first1 =Namita |ref={{harvid|Mukherjee|2001}}|last2 =Nebel | first2 =Almut | last3=Oppenheim | first3 =Ariella | last4 =Majumder | first4 =Partha P. | year =2001 | title=High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India | journal =Journal of Genetics | publisher=Springer India | volume =80 | issue =3 | doi =10.1007/BF02717908| accessdate=2008-11-25 | url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/qw238444x1q3128h/fulltext.pdf |format=PDF| pmid=11988631 | pages=125–35}}
+* {{Citation | last =Mukherjee | first =Ashoke | year =2001b | title =Rigvedic Sarasvati: Myth and Reality | journal =Breakthrough, Vol.9, No.1, January 2001}}
+<!-- N -->
+* {{Citation | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Anthony | first2 =David | last3 =Mallory | first3 =James | last4 =Reich | first4 =David | year =2018 | title =The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia | biorxiv =292581 |ref={{sfnref|Narasimhan et al.|2018}}}}
+* {{cite book|first=Nayanjot (ed.)|last=Lahiri|year=2000|title=The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilisation|isbn=81-7530-034-5|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|ref=harv}}
+<!-- P -->
+* {{Citation | last1 =Palanichamy | first1 =Malliya Gounder | year =2015 | title =West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system | journal =Human Genetics |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=637–647 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4 | pmid=25832481}}
+* {{Citation  | last1 =Pamjav | first1 =Horolma | first2 =Tibor| last2 =Fehér | first3 =Endre| last3 =Németh | first4 =Zsolt | last4 =Pádár | year =2012 | title =Brief communication: new Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1 | journal =American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume =149 | issue =4 | pages =611–615 | doi =10.1002/ajpa.22167 | pmid =23115110}}
+* <span class="citation web" id="Reference-Parpola-2005">{{cite web|authorlink=Asko Parpola |last=Parpola |first=Asko |url=http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306111112/http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 March 2006 |title=Study of the Indus Script |date=19 May 2005 |ref=harv |df=dmy-all }} (50th ICES Tokyo Session)</span><!-- This element is used linked to from the inline references, please don't delete -->
+* {{Citation | last =Parpola | first =Asko | year =2015 | title =The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
+* {{cite book | author= Pittman, Holly | title= ''Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-87099-365-7 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33948}}
+* {{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L. |authorlink=Gregory Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=11 November 2002|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last =Poznik | year =2016 | title =Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences | journal =Nature Genetics |doi =10.1038/ng.3559 | volume=48 | pages=593–599 | pmid=27111036 | pmc=4884158}}
+<!-- S -->
+* {{Citation | last1 =Sarkar | first1 =Anindya | year =2016 | title =Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization | journal =Scientific Reports | url =http://www.nature.com/articles/srep26555 | doi=10.1038/srep26555}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Semino | first1 =O | last2 =Passarino G | first2 =Oefner PJ | year =2000 | title =The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: A Y chromosome perspective | journal =Science |volume=290 |pages=1155–1159 | doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 | pmid=11073453}}
+* {{Cite journal |ref=harv|last1=Sengupta|year=2005|first1=S|last2=Zhivotovsky|first2=LA|last3=King|first3=R|last4=Mehdi|first4=SQ|last5=Edmonds|first5=CA|last6=Chow|first6=CE|last7=Lin|first7=AA|last8=Mitra|first8=M|last9=Sil|first9=SK|last10=Ramesh|first10=A.|last11=Usha Rani|first11=M.V.|last12=Thakur|first12=Chitra M.|last13=Cavalli-Sforza|first13=L. Luca|last14=Majumder|first14=Partha P.|last15=Underhill|first15=Peter A.|title=Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists|periodical=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=78|issue=2|pages=202–21|pmid=16400607|pmc=1380230|doi=10.1086/499411|display-authors=8}}.
+* {{cite book|first=Shikaripura Ranganatha|last=Rao|authorlink=Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao|year=1991|title=Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilisation|isbn=81-85179-74-3|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|location=New Delhi|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Jim G.|authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer|chapter=Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology|title=Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia|editor=George Erdosy (ed.)|year=1995|isbn=3-11-014447-6|publisher=de Gruyter|location=Berlin u.a.|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Jim G.|authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer|chapter=Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology|title=Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.|editors=Bronkhorst and Deshpande (eds.)|year=1999|isbn=1-888789-04-2|publisher=Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies|location=Cambridge|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Shaffer|first=Jim G.|authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer|year=1992|chapter=The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age|title=Chronologies in Old World Archaeology|edition=Second|editor=R. W. Ehrich (ed.)|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|ref=harv}}
+* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Sakshi | year =2016 | title =Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup | journal =Scientific Reports | doi =10.1038/srep19157 | pmid=26754573 | pmc=4709632 | volume=6 | pages=19157}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris|title=The So-Called Proto-śiva Seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An Iconological Assessment|journal=Archives of Asian Art|year=1975 |volume=29|pages=47–58|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|jstor=20062578|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004107588|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Herbert P.|title=A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization|journal=History of Religions|year=1964|volume=4|issue=1|pages=115–125|jstor=1061875|doi=10.1086/462498|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|authorlink=Romila Thapar|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|ref=harv}}
+<!-- U -->
+* {{Cite journal|ref={{harvid|Underhill|2009}}|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A|last2=Myres|year=2009|first2=Natalie M|last3=Rootsi|first3=Siiri|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Zhivotovsky|first5=Lev A|last6=King|issue=4|first6=Roy J|last7=Lin|first7=Alice A|last8=Chow|first8=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last9=Semino|first9=Ornella|last10=Battaglia|first10=Vincenza|last11=Kutuev|first11=Ildus|last12=Järve|first12=Mari|last13=Chaubey|first13=Gyaneshwer|last14=Ayub|first14=Qasim|last15=Mohyuddin|first15=Aisha|last16=Mehdi|first16=S Qasim|last17=Sengupta|first17=Sanghamitra|last18=Rogaev|first18=Evgeny I|last19=Khusnutdinova|first19=Elza K|last20=Pshenichnov|first20=Andrey|last21=Balanovsky|first21=Oleg|last22=Balanovska|first22=Elena|last23=Jeran|first23=Nina|last24=Augustin|first24=Dubravka Havas|last25=Baldovic|first25=Marian|last26=Herrera|first26=Rene J|last27=Thangaraj|first27=Kumarasamy|last28=Singh|first28=Vijay|last29=Singh|first29=Lalji|last30=Majumder|first30=Partha|title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a|volume=18|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194|pmid=19888303|pmc=2987245|pages=479–84|display-authors=8}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Underhill | first1 =Peter A. | year =2014 | title =The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] | volume =23 | issue =1 | accessdate =15 June 2016 | pages =124–131 | issn =1018-4813 | doi =10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | url =http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v23/n1/pdf/ejhg201450a.pdf | pmid=24667786 | pmc=4266736}}
+* {{Citation | last =Underhill |first =Peter A. |display-authors=etal| year = 2015 | title =The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |pages=124–131 | url =http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v23/n1/pdf/ejhg201450a.pdf |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | pmid=24667786 | pmc=4266736}}
+<!-- W -->
+* {{Citation | last =Wells  | first =R.S. | year =2001 | title =The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | journal =Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–10249 | doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098| bibcode =2001PNAS...9810244W | pmid=11526236 | pmc=56946}}
+* {{Citation | last1 =Willey| last2 =Phillips | year=1958 | title =Method and Theory in American Archaeology}}
+* {{cite journal|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|authorlink=Michael Witzel|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=The Languages of Harappa|date=February 2000|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf|ref=harv}}
+* {{citation|last=Wright|first=Rita P.|authorlink=Rita P. Wright|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|accessdate=29 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
+{{Refend}}
+== Pustaka tambahan ==
+* {{Citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
-}}
 == Pranala luar ==
+{{Wikivoyage|Mohenjo-daro}}
-* [http://bosei.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/~indus/english/index.html An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)]
+{{Commons category|Indus Valley Civilization}}
-* [http://www.harappa.com/ Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus] (harappa.com)
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125125109/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/index.html An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)]
+* [http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India]
+* [http://www.harappa.com/ Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus] (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
 * [http://www.harappa.com/script/ The Indus Script] (harappa.com)
 * http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
@@ Baris 44: / Baris 131: @@
 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1272010.stm Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News]
 * [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/artefacts.htm Indus artefacts]
-* [http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India ]
 * [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization]