Mesin kepung puntiran

Sketsa dari sebuah onager, sebuah jenis dari mesin kepung puntiran

Mesin kepung puntiran adalah sebuah jenis artileri yang memakai puntiran untuk meluncurkan proyektil-proyektil. Alat tersebut awalnya dikembangkan oleh Yunani kuno, khususnya Philip II dari Makedonia dan Alexander Agung, dan dipakai pada Abad Pertengahan sampai pengembangan artileri bubuk meriam pada abad ke-14.

Daftar pustaka

Sumber primer

• Humphrey, J.W., J.P. Olson, and A.N. Sherwood. Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 1998.
• Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• Philon of Byzantium. Philons Belopoiika (viertes Buch der Mechanik). Berlin: Verlag der Aakademie der Wissenschaften, 1919.
• Vitruvius. On Architecture. Edited and translated by Bill Thayer. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html [1].

Sumber sekunder

• Baatz, Dietwulf. “Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery.” Britannia, 9 (1978): 1-17.
• Bachrach, Bernard S. “Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance.” The Journal of Military History, 58 #1 (January 1994): 119-133.
• Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1992.
• Chevedden, Paul E. “Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages,” in The Medieval City under Siege, edited by Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe, pp. 131–176. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1995.
• Cuomo, Serafina. “The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults.” Science, New Series, 303 #5659 (February 6, 2004): 771-772.
• DeVries, Kelly. Medieval Military Technology. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1992.
• DeVries, Kelly & Robert D. Smith. Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2007.
• Dufour, Guillaume. Mémoire sur l’artillerie des anciens et sur celle de Moyen Âge. Paris: Ab. Cherbuliez et Ce,1840).
• Gravett, Christophers. Medieval Siege Warfare. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, 1990, 2003.
• Hacker, Barton C. “Greek Catapults and Catapult Technology: Science, Technology, and War in the Ancient World.” Technology and Culture, 9 #1 (January 1968): 34-50.
• Huuri, Kalervo. “Zur Geschicte de mitterlalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen,” in Societas Orientalia Fennica, Studia Orientalia 9.3 (1941): pp. 50–220.
• Johnson, Stephen. Late Roman Fortifications. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
• Köhler, G. Die Entwickelung des Kriegwesens und der Kriegfürung in der Ritterseit von Mitte des II. Jahrhundert bis du Hussitenkriegen, Vol. 3. Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1890.
• Landels, J.G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
• Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
• Nicholson, Helen. Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300-1500. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
• Nossov, Konstantin. Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons: A Fully Illustrated Guide to Siege Weapons and Tactics. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2005.
• Reinschmidt, Kenneth F. “Catapults of Yore.” Science, New Series, 304 #5675 (May 28, 2004): 1247.
• Rihill, Tracey. The Catapult: A History. Yardley, PA: Wesholme Publishing, LLC, 2007.
• Rihill, Tracey. “On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes.” The Annual of the British School at Athens, 101 (2006): 379-383.
• Rogers, Randall. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Roland, Alex. “Science, Technology, and War.” Technology and Culture, 36 #2, Supplement: Snapshots of a Discipline: Selected Proceedings from the Conference on Critical Problems and Research Frontiers in the History of Technology, Madison, Wisconsin, October 30-November 3, 1991 (April 1995): S83-100.
• Schneider, Rudolf. Die Artillerie des Mittelalters. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1910.
• Tarver, W.T.S. “The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine.” Technology and Culture, 36 #1 (January 1995): 136-167.
• Thompson, E.A. “Early Germanic Warfare.” Past and Present, 14 (November 1958): 2-29.

Pranala luar

Ammianus Marcellinus

• [2] On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin)
• [3] On Military Matters (De Gestae, English)
• [4] On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin & English)

Athenaeus Mechanicus

• [5] Diarsipkan 2014-02-22 di Wayback Machine. On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & English)
• [6] On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & Latin, partial text)

De rebus bellicis

• [7] Diarsipkan 2012-10-22 di Wayback Machine. De Rebus Bellicis (Latin)

Heron dari Alexandria

• [8] Diarsipkan 2012-06-02 di Wayback Machine. On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek)

Filon dari Bizantium

• [9] On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek & German)

Procopius

• [10] The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
• [11] The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
• [12][13][14] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
• [15] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
• [16] The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)

Vegetius

• [17] On Military Matters (De Re Militari, Latin)
• [18] On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)
• [19] Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)

Vitruvius

• [20] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin & English)
• [21] On Architecture (De Architectura, English)
• [22] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)
• [23] On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)