Konsentrasi

Dalam ilmu kimia, konsentrasi adalah ukuran yang menggambarkan banyaknya zat di dalam suatu campuran dibagi dengan volume total campuran tersebut. Terdapat empat macam deskripsi kuantitatif konsentrasi, yaitu konsentrasi massa, konsentrasi molar, konsentrasi jumlah, dan konsentrasi volume. Istilah konsentrasi dapat diterapkan untuk semua jenis campuran, tetapi paling sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan jumlah zat terlarut di dalam larutan.

Deskripsi kualitatif

These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.

Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a qualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute (for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are fully miscible there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be saturated. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur. Instead, phase separation will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a suspension. The point of saturation depends on many variables such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.

Notasi kuantitatif

There are four quantities that describe concentration:

Konsentrasi massa

The mass concentration $\rho_i$ is defined as the mass of a constituent $m_i$ divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$\rho_i = \frac {m_i}{V}$

The SI-unit is kg/m³.

Konsentrasi molar

The molar concentration $c_i$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_i$ divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$c_i = \frac {n_i}{V}$

The SI-unit is mol/m³. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm³) is used.

Konsentrasi jumlah

The number concentration $C_i$ is defined as the number of entities of a constituent $N_i$ in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$C_i = \frac{N_i}{V}$

The SI-unit is 1/m³.

Konsentrasi volume

The volume concentration $\phi_i$ (also called volume fraction) is defined as the volume of a constituent $V_i$ divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture $V$ prior to mixing:

$\phi_i = \frac {V_i}{V}$

The SI-unit is m³/m³.

Related quantities

Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. Note that these should not be called concentrations.

Normalitas

Normality is defined as the molar concentration $c_i$ divided by an equivalence factor $f_{eq}$. Since the definition of the equivalence factor may not be unequivocal, IUPAC and NIST discourage the use of normality.

Molalitas

The molality of a solution $b_i$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_i$ divided by the mass of the solvent $m_{solvent}$ (not the mass of the solution):

$b_i = \frac{n_i}{m_{solvent}}$

The SI-unit for molality is mol/kg.

Fraksi mol

The mole fraction $x_i$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_i$ divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture $n_{tot}$:

$x_i = \frac {n_i}{n_{tot}}$

The SI-unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole fractions.

Mole ratio

The mole ratio $r_i$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_i$ divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:

$r_i = \frac{n_i}{n_{tot}-n_i}$

If $n_i$ is much smaller than $n_{tot}$, the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.

The SI-unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.

Fraksi massa

The mass fraction $w_i$ is the fraction of one substance with mass $m_i$ to the mass of the total mixture $m_{tot}$, defined as:

$w_i = \frac {m_i}{m_{tot}}$

The SI-unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.

Mass ratio

The mass ratio $\zeta_i$ is defined as the mass of a constituent $m_i$ divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture:

$\zeta_i = \frac{m_i}{m_{tot}-m_i}$

If $m_i$ is much smaller than $m_{tot}$, the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.

The SI-unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.

Dependence on volume

Concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion.

Table of concentrations and related quantities

Concentration type	Symbol	Definition	SI-unit	other unit(s)
mass concentration	$\rho_i$ or $\gamma_i$	$m_i/V$	kg/m3	g/100mL (=g/dL)
molar concentration	$c_i$	$n_i/V$	mol/m3	M (=mol/L)
number concentration	$C_i$	$N_i/V$	1/m3	1/cm3
volume concentration	$\phi_i$	$V_i/V$	m3/m3
Related quantities	Symbol	Definition	SI-unit	other unit(s)
normality		$c_i/f_{eq}$	mol/m3	N (=mol/L)
molality	$b_i$	$n_i/m_{solvent}$	mol/kg
mole fraction	$x_i$	$n_i/n_{tot}$	mol/mol	ppm, ppb, ppt
mole ratio	$r_i$	$n_i/(n_{tot}-n_i)$	mol/mol	ppm, ppb, ppt
mass fraction	$w_i$	$m_i/m_{tot}$	kg/kg	ppm, ppb, ppt
mass ratio	$\zeta_i$	$m_i/(m_{tot}-m_i)$	kg/kg	ppm, ppb, ppt

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