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{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|box_width = 300x
|name = Stephen William Hawking
|name = Stephen William Hawking
|image = Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg
|image = Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|image_size = 240px
|caption = Stephen Hawking di NASA tahun 1999
|caption = Hawking di [[NASA]], 1980-an
|birth_name = Stephen William Hawking
|birth_name = Stephen William Hawking
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|01|8}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|01|8}}
|birth_place = [[Oxford]], Britania Raya
|birth_place = [[Oxford]], Inggris
|residence = Inggris
|residence = Britania Raya
|citizenship =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Bangsa Britania|Britania]]
|nationality = [[Bangsa Britania|Britania]]
|religion = [[Agnostik]]
|fields =
{{plainlist |
|ethnicity =
* [[Relativitas umum]]
|fields = [[Matematika terapan]] <br />[[Fisika teoretis]]
* [[Gravitasi kuantum]]
|workplaces = [[Universitas Cambridge]] <br />''[[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]''
}}
|alma_mater = [[Universitas Oxford]] <br />[[Universitas Cambridge]]
|workplaces =
|doctoral_advisor = [[Dennis William Sciama|Dennis Sciama]]
{{plainlist |
|academic_advisors = [[Bob Berman|Robert Berman]]
* [[Caius College, Cambridge]]
|doctoral_students = [[Bruce Allen (fisikawan)|Bruce Allen]] <br />Raphael Bousso <br />[[Fay Dowker]] <br />[[Malcolm Perry (fisikawan)|Malcolm Perry]] <br />[[Bernard Carr]] <br />[[Gary Gibbons]] <br />Harvey Reall <br />[[Don Page (fisikawan)|Don Page]] <br />Tim Prestidge <br />[[Raymond Laflamme]] <br />Julian Luttrell
* [[California Institute of Technology]]
|notable_students =
* [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]
|known_for = [[Lubang hitam]]<br />[[Kosmologi fisik|Kosmologi teoretis]] <br />[[Gravitasi kuantum]] <br />[[Radiasi Hawking]]
}}
|author_abbrev_bot =
|alma_mater =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
{{plainlist |
* [[Universitas Oxford]][[University College, Oxford]] (BA, 1962)
* [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] (PhD, 1965)
}}
|doctoral_advisor = [[Dennis William Sciama|Dennis Sciama]]<ref name="mathgene" />
| thesis_title = Properties of Expanding Universes
| thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62793673
| thesis_year = 1965<ref name="hawkingphd" />
| academic_advisors = Robert Berman{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=29}}
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist |
* [[Bruce Allen (physicist)|Bruce Allen]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="allenphd" />
* [[Raphael Bousso]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="boussophd" />
* [[Bernard Carr]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="carrphd" />
* [[Fay Dowker]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="dowkerphd" />
* [[:fr:Christophe Galfard|Christophe Galfard]]<ref name="galfardphd" />
* [[Gary Gibbons]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="gibbonsphd" />
* [[:nl:Thomas Hertog|Thomas Hertog]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="hertogphd" />
* [[Raymond Laflamme]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="laflammephd" />
* [[Don Page (physicist)|Don Page]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="pagephd" />
* [[Malcolm Perry (physicist)|Malcolm Perry]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="perryphd" />
* [[:zh:吴忠超|Wu Zhongchao]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="wuphd" />
}}
|known_for =
{{plainlist |
* [[Radiasi Hawking]]
* [[Teorema singularitas Penrose–Hawking|Teorema Penrose–Hawking]]
}}
|influences = [[Dikran Tahta]]
|influences = [[Dikran Tahta]]
|influenced =
|influenced =
|awards =
|awards = {{nowrap|''[[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]]'' (1989)}}<br />''[[Copley Medal]]'' (2006)<br />''[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]'' (2009)
{{plainlist |
|spouse = Jane Hawking
* [[Adams Prize]] (1966)
|signature =
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1974)<ref name="royal" />
|footnotes =
* [[Eddington Medal]] (1975)
* [[Maxwell Medal and Prize]] (1976)
* [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics|Heineman Prize]] (1976)
* [[Hughes Medal]] (1976)
* [[Albert Einstein Award]] (1978)
* [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (1982)
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|RAS Gold Medal]] (1985)
* [[Dirac Prize#Paul Dirac Medal and Prize|Dirac Medal]] (1987)
* [[Wolf Prize]] (1988)
* [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]] (1989)
* [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] (1989)
* [[Andrew Gemant Award]] (1998)
* [[Naylor Prize and Lectureship]] (1999)
* [[Lilienfeld Prize]] (1999)
* [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)]] (1999)
* [[Copley Medal]] (2006)
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2009)
* [[Fundamental Physics Prize]] (2012)
* [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]]
* [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] (2015)
}}
|spouse =
{{plainlist |
* {{marriage|[[Jane Hawking]] | 1965|1995|end=bercerai}}
* {{marriage|Elaine Mason|1995|2006|end=bercerai}}
}}
| children =
{{plainlist |
* Robert (l. 1967)
* [[Lucy Hawking|Lucy]] (l. 1970)
* Timothy (l. 1979)
}}
| website = {{URL|hawking.org.uk}}
}}
}}
'''Stephen William Hawking''', [[Companion of Honour|CH]], [[Commander of the British Empire|CBE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ({{lahirmati|[[Oxford]], [[Britania Raya]]|8|1|1942}}<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article5484753.ece The Times] 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-09.</ref>), adalah seorang ahli fisika teoretis. Ia adalah seorang [[profesor Lucasian]] dalam bidang [[matematika]] di [[Universitas Cambridge]] dan anggota dari ''[[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]''. Ia dikenal akan sumbangannya di bidang [[fisika kuantum]], terutama karena teori-teorinya mengenai [[teori kosmologi]], [[gravitasi kuantum]], [[lubang hitam]], dan [[radiasi Hawking]]. Salah satu tulisannya adalah ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'', yang tercantum dalam daftar ''bestseller'' di ''[[Sunday Times]]'' London selama 237 minggu berturut-turut.<ref name="book">{{cite book|author=Hawking, Stephen|title= [[A Brief History of Time]]|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|year=1988|isbn=0-553-38016-8}}</ref><ref>Redfor, Tim "How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists" Guardian 31 July 2009 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/30/stephen-hawking-brief-history-time]</ref> Pada tahun [[2010]] Hawking bersama [[Leonard Mladinow]] menyusun buku ''[[The Grand Design]]''.
'''Stephen William Hawking''', [[Companion of Honour|CH]], [[Commander of the British Empire|CBE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ({{lahirmati|[[Oxford]], [[Britania Raya]]|8|1|1942}}<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article5484753.ece The Times] 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-09.</ref>), adalah seorang ahli fisika teoretis. Ia adalah seorang [[profesor Lucasian]] dalam bidang [[matematika]] di [[Universitas Cambridge]] dan anggota dari ''[[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]''. Ia dikenal akan sumbangannya di bidang [[fisika kuantum]], terutama karena teori-teorinya mengenai [[teori kosmologi]], [[gravitasi kuantum]], [[lubang hitam]], dan [[radiasi Hawking]]. Salah satu tulisannya adalah ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'', yang tercantum dalam daftar ''bestseller'' di ''[[Sunday Times]]'' London selama 237 minggu berturut-turut.<ref name="book">{{cite book|author=Hawking, Stephen|title= [[A Brief History of Time]]|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|year=1988|isbn=0-553-38016-8}}</ref><ref>Redfor, Tim "How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists" Guardian 31 July 2009 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/30/stephen-hawking-brief-history-time]</ref> Pada tahun [[2010]] Hawking bersama [[Leonard Mladinow]] menyusun buku ''[[The Grand Design]]''.
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== Pandangan religius ==
== Pandangan religius ==
Hawking mengambil posisi [[agnostik]] dalam masalah agama.<ref name="sciencenews1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/563/000022497/#FN1 |title=Stephen Hawking |publisher=Nndb.com|accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref> Ia telah menggunakan kata "Tuhan" (secara metaforis)<ref>"Though A Brief History of Time brings in God as a useful metaphor, Hawking is an atheist" Anthony Burgess, 'Towards a Theory of Everything', The Observer, 29 December 1991, hal. 42</ref> untuk menggambarkan poin dalam buku-buku dan pidatonya. Mantan istrinya, Jane, menyatakan saat proses perceraian bahwa Hawking adalah seorang [[ateisme|ateis]].<ref>"Then, in 1999, his former wife published Music To Move The Stars: My Life with Stephen, in which she detailed (...) how her Christian faith clashed with his steadfast atheism; (...) The last line in A Brief History Of Time is famous for saying that, if we could tie together the equations describing the universe, we would "know the mind of God." But, as his former wife says, he is an atheist. So why is the deity making an appearance? The obvious answer is that it helps sell books." Charles Arthur, 'The Crazy World of Stephen Hawking', The Independent (London), 12 October 2001, Features, Pg. 7.</ref><ref>"Jane took much of her dramatic hope at the time from her faith, and still sees something of the irony in the fact that her Christianity gave her the strength to support her husband, the most profound atheist. 'Stephen, I hope, had belief in me that I could make everything possible for him, but he did not share my religious - or spiritual - faith.' " Tim Adams, 'A Brief History of a First Wife', The Observer, 4 April 2004, Review Pages, Pg. 4.</ref> Hawking menyatakan bahwa ia "tidak religius secara akal sehat" dan ia percaya bahwa "alam semesta diatur oleh hukum ilmu pengetahuan. Hukum tersebut mungkin dibuat oleh Tuhan, tetapi Tuhan tidak melakukan intervensi untuk melanggar hukum."<ref name="sciencenews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE49U6E220081031?feedType=RSS&feedName=scienceNews |title=Pope sees physicist Hawking at evolution gathering &#124; Science |publisher=Reuters |date=2008-10-31 |accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref> Hawking membandingkan agama dan ilmu pengetahuan pada tahun 2010, menyatakan: "Terdapat perbedaan mendasar antara agama, yang berdasarkan pada otoritas, [dan] ilmu pengetahuan, yang berdasarkan pada observasi dan alasan. Ilmu pengetahuan akan menang karena memang terbukti."<ref>{{cite news|last=Heussner|first=Ki Mae|title=Stephen Hawking on Religion: 'Science Will Win'|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=June 7, 2010|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WN/Technology/stephen-hawking-religion-science-win/story?id=10830164|accessdate=June 9, 2010}}</ref>
Hawking mengambil posisi [[agnostik]] dalam masalah agama.<ref name="sciencenews1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/563/000022497/#FN1 |title=Stephen Hawking |publisher=Nndb.com|accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref> Ia telah menggunakan kata "Tuhan" (secara metaforis)<ref>"Though A Brief History of Time brings in God as a useful metaphor, Hawking is an atheist" Anthony Burgess, 'Towards a Theory of Everything', The Observer, 29 December 1991, hal. 42</ref> untuk menggambarkan poin dalam buku-buku dan pidatonya. Mantan istrinya, Jane, menyatakan saat proses perceraian bahwa Hawking adalah seorang [[ateisme|ateis]].<ref>"Then, in 1999, his former wife published Music To Move The Stars: My Life with Stephen, in which she detailed (...) how her Christian faith clashed with his steadfast atheism; (...) The last line in A Brief History Of Time is famous for saying that, if we could tie together the equations describing the universe, we would "know the mind of God." But, as his former wife says, he is an atheist. So why is the deity making an appearance? The obvious answer is that it helps sell books." Charles Arthur, 'The Crazy World of Stephen Hawking', The Independent (London), 12 October 2001, Features, Pg. 7.</ref><ref>"Jane took much of her dramatic hope at the time from her faith, and still sees something of the irony in the fact that her Christianity gave her the strength to support her husband, the most profound atheist. 'Stephen, I hope, had belief in me that I could make everything possible for him, but he did not share my religious - or spiritual - faith.' " Tim Adams, 'A Brief History of a First Wife', The Observer, 4 April 2004, Review Pages, Pg. 4.</ref> Hawking menyatakan bahwa ia "tidak religius secara akal sehat" dan ia percaya bahwa "alam semesta diatur oleh hukum ilmu pengetahuan. Hukum tersebut mungkin dibuat oleh Tuhan, tetapi Tuhan tidak melakukan intervensi untuk melanggar hukum."<ref name="sciencenews1"/> Hawking membandingkan agama dan ilmu pengetahuan pada tahun 2010, menyatakan: "Terdapat perbedaan mendasar antara agama, yang berdasarkan pada otoritas, [dan] ilmu pengetahuan, yang berdasarkan pada observasi dan alasan. Ilmu pengetahuan akan menang karena memang terbukti."<ref>{{cite news|last=Heussner|first=Ki Mae|title=Stephen Hawking on Religion: 'Science Will Win'|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=June 7, 2010|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WN/Technology/stephen-hawking-religion-science-win/story?id=10830164|accessdate=June 9, 2010}}</ref>


Pada September 2010, ''The Telegraph'' melaporkan, "Stephen Hawking telah menyatakan bahwa Tuhan bukan pencipta alam semesta".<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7979211/Has-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html, Telegraph UK, Diakses 7 September 2010</ref> Hawking menulis dalam bukunya, ''[[The Grand Design (buku)|The Grand Design]]'', bahwa "''Karena adanya hukum seperti gravitasi, tata surya dapat dan akan membentuk dirinya sendiri. Penciptaan spontan adalah alasannya mengapa sekarang ada 'sesuatu' dan bukannya kehampaan, mengapa alam semesta ada dan kita ada. Tidak perlu memohon kepada Tuhan untuk memulai segalanya dan menggerakan alam semesta.''"<ref>{{cite news|title=God did not create the universe, says Hawking|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100902/lf_nm_life/us_britain_hawking|author=Michael Holden |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=3 September 2010 |date=2 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Another ungodly squabble|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/science_and_religion|publisher=[[The Economist]] |accessdate=2010-09-06|date=2010-09-05}}</ref>
Pada September 2010, ''The Telegraph'' melaporkan, "Stephen Hawking telah menyatakan bahwa Tuhan bukan pencipta alam semesta".<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7979211/Has-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html, Telegraph UK, Diakses 7 September 2010</ref> Hawking menulis dalam bukunya, ''[[The Grand Design (buku)|The Grand Design]]'', bahwa "''Karena adanya hukum seperti gravitasi, tata surya dapat dan akan membentuk dirinya sendiri. Penciptaan spontan adalah alasannya mengapa sekarang ada 'sesuatu' dan bukannya kehampaan, mengapa alam semesta ada dan kita ada. Tidak perlu memohon kepada Tuhan untuk memulai segalanya dan menggerakan alam semesta.''"<ref>{{cite news|title=God did not create the universe, says Hawking|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20100902/lf_nm_life/us_britain_hawking|author=Michael Holden |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=3 September 2010 |date=2 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Another ungodly squabble|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/science_and_religion|publisher=[[The Economist]] |accessdate=2010-09-06|date=2010-09-05}}</ref>
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|accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>
|accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[Fonseca Price]] of the [[University of Santiago de Compostela]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.es/en/cursos/conciencia/premio_fonseca2008.html|title=Fonseca Prize 2008|publisher=University of Santiago de Compostela|accessdate=2009-08-07}}</ref>
* 2008 ''[[Fonseca Price]] of the [[University of Santiago de Compostela]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.es/en/cursos/conciencia/premio_fonseca2008.html|title=Fonseca Prize 2008|publisher=University of Santiago de Compostela|accessdate=2009-08-07}}</ref>
* 2009 ''[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]''<ref name="presidential">{{cite news|title = Hawking receives honour from Obama|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/feedarticle/8654740?FORM=ZZNR3|publisher = Guardian|date = 13 August 2009|accessdate = 21 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref>
* 2009 ''[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]''<ref name="presidential"/>

== Bibliografi ==

=== Publikasi populer ===
* ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' (1988)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays]]'' (1993)<ref name="KirkusBaby" />
* ''[[The Universe in a Nutshell]]'' (2001)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[On the Shoulders of Giants (book)|On The Shoulders of Giants]]'' (2002)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[God Created the Integers|God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History]]'' (2005)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World]]'' (2011)
* ''[[My Brief History]]'' (2013)<ref name="books" />

==== Ko-penulis ====
* ''[[The Nature of Space and Time]]'' (with [[Roger Penrose]]) (1996)
* ''[[The Large, the Small and the Human Mind]]'' (with Roger Penrose, [[Abner Shimony]] and Nancy Cartwright) (1997)
* ''The Future of Spacetime'' (with [[Kip Thorne]], [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]], [[Timothy Ferris]] and introduction by [[Alan Lightman]], [[Richard H. Price]]) (2002)
* ''[[A Briefer History of Time (Hawking and Mlodinow book)|A Briefer History of Time]]'' (with [[Leonard Mlodinow]]) (2005)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[The Grand Design (book)|The Grand Design]]'' (with [[Leonard Mlodinow]]) (2010)<ref name="books" />

==== Kata pengantar ====
* ''[[Black Holes and Time Warps|Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy]]'' ([[Kip Thorne]], and introduction by [[Frederick Seitz]]) (1994)

=== Fiksi anak-anak ===
Ditulis dengan anaknya [[Lucy Hawking|Lucy]].

* ''[[George's Secret Key to the Universe]]'' (2007)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt]]'' (2009)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[George and the Big Bang]]'' (2011)<ref name="books" />
* ''[[George and the Unbreakable Code]]'' (2014)

=== Film dan seri ===
* ''[[A Brief History of Time (film)|A Brief History of Time]]'' (1992)<ref name="Auto2J-58" />
* ''[[Stephen Hawking's Universe]]'' (1997)<ref name="Auto2J-59" />{{sfn|Larsen|2005|p=79}}
* ''[[Hawking (2004 film)|Hawking]]''&nbsp;– BBC television film (2004) starring [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
* ''[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]: The Hawking Paradox'' (2005)<ref name="Auto2J-60" />
* ''[[Masters of Science Fiction]]'' (2007)<ref name="art" />
* ''Stephen Hawking and the Theory of Everything'' (2007)
* ''[[Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe]]'' (2008)<ref name="Auto2J-61" />
* ''[[Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking]]'' (2010)<ref name="Auto2J-62" />
* ''[[Brave New World with Stephen Hawking]]'' (2011)<ref name="Auto2J-63" />
* ''Stephen Hawking's Grand Design'' (2012)<ref name="Auto2J-64" />
* ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Hawking (2013 film)|Stephen Hawking: A Brief History of Mine]]'' (2013)<ref name="Auto2J-65" />
* ''[[The Theory of Everything (2014 film)|The Theory of Everything]]''&nbsp;– Feature film (2014) starring [[Eddie Redmayne]]<ref name="Auto2J-66" />
* ''Genius By Stephen Hawking'' (2016)

=== Karya akademik terpilih ===
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S. W. |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |title=The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=314 |issue=1519 |year=1970 |pages=529–548 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1970.0021 |bibcode=1970RSPSA.314..529H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |title=Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=26 |issue=21 |year=1971 |pages=1344–1346 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344 |bibcode=1971PhRvL..26.1344H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S.W. |title=Black holes in general relativity |journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics |volume=25 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=152–166 |url=http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.cmp/1103857884 |doi=10.1007/BF01877517 |bibcode=1972CMaPh..25..152H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S. W. |title=Black hole explosions? |journal=Nature |volume=248 |issue=5443 |year=1974 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1038/248030a0 |bibcode=1974Natur.248...30H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S.W. |title=The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=115 |issue=4 |year=1982 |pages=295–297 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2 |bibcode=1982PhLB..115..295H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hartle |first1=J. |last2=Hawking |first2=S. |title=Wave function of the Universe |journal=Physical Review D |volume=28 |issue=12 |year=1983 |pages=2960–2975 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960 |bibcode=1983PhRvD..28.2960H}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |title=Information loss in black holes |journal=Physical Review D |volume=72 |issue=8 |page=084013 |year=2005 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013 |arxiv=hep-th/0507171 |bibcode=2005PhRvD..72h4013H}}


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
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* [[Koloni ruang angkasa]]
* [[Koloni ruang angkasa]]


== Catatan ==
== Referensi ==

{{reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=

<ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | surname = HAWKING | othernames = Prof. Stephen William | id = U19510 | volume = 2015 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=78459}}</ref>

<ref name="hawkingphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |title=Properties of Expanding Universes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1966 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62793673 |authorlink=Stephen Hawking}} {{OCLC|62793673}}</ref>

<ref name="allenphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bruce |last=Allen |title=Vacuum energy and general relativity |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1983 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |authorlink=Bruce Allen (physicist)}}</ref>

<ref name="boussophd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raphael |last=Bousso |title=Pair creation of black holes in cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1997 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |authorlink=Raphael Bousso}}</ref>

<ref name="carrphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bernard John |last=Carr |title=Primordial black holes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1976 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |authorlink=Bernard Carr}}</ref>

<ref name="dowkerphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Helen Fay |last=Dowker |title=Space-time wormholes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1991 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |authorlink=Fay Dowker}}</ref>

<ref name="galfardphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Christophe Georges Gunnar Sven |last=Galfard |title=Black hole information & branes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2006 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782}}</ref>

<ref name="gibbonsphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Gary William |last=Gibbons |title=Some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1973 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |authorlink=Gary Gibbons}}</ref>

<ref name="hertogphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Thomas |last=Hertog |title=The origin of inflation |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2002 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554}}</ref>

<ref name="laflammephd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raymond |last=Laflamme |title=Time and quantum cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1988 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |authorlink=Raymond Laflamme}}</ref>

<ref name="pagephd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Don Nelson |last=Page |title=Accretion into and emission from black holes |publisher=California Institute of Technology |year=1976 |url=http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7179/ |authorlink=Don Page (physicist)}}</ref>

<ref name="perryphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Malcolm John |last=Perry |title=Black holes and quantum mechanics |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1978 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538}}</ref>

<ref name="wuphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Zhongchao |last=Wu |title=Cosmological models and the inflationary universe |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1984 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549}}</ref>

<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1974%2F12%27) |title=Certificate of election: Hawking, Stephen, EC/1974/12 |publisher=The Royal Society |archivedate=4 February 2014 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6N82r0VCh |location=London}}</ref>

<!--ref name="Auto2J-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/25/stephen-hawking-atheist_n_5882860.html |title=Stephen Hawking Says 'There Is No God,' Confirms He's An Atheist |date=25 September 2014 |work=The Huffington Post |accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref-->

<ref name="Auto2J-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/stephen_hawking.php |title=Centre for Theoretical Cosmology: Outreach Stephen Hawking |publisher=Ctc.cam.ac.uk |accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/about-stephen.html |title=About Stephen&nbsp;– Stephen Hawking |publisher=Stephen Hawking Official Website|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-5">{{cite news |accessdate=5 March 2012 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1983173,00.html |title=Dick Tahta |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=5 January 2007 |last1=Hoare |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Love |first2=Eric}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-6">{{cite news |last=Donaldson |first=Gregg J. |title=The Man Behind the Scientist |url=http://www.mdtap.org/TT/1999.05/1-art.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511104943/http://www.mdtap.org/TT/1999.05/1-art.html |archivedate=11 May 2005 |publisher=Tapping Technology |date=May 1999 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-7">{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspa.1970.0021 |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |last2=Penrose |first2=Roger |year=1970 |title=The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] |volume=314 |issue=1519 |pages=529–548 |bibcode=1970RSPSA.314..529H}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-8">{{cite web |last=Ridpath |first=Ian |title=Black hole explorer |work=New Scientist |date=4 May 1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmxb4_WjDUYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA307 |accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="HawkingIsrael1989">{{cite book |editors=S. W. Hawking and W. Israel |title=Three Hundred Years of Gravitation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC |date=30 March 1989 |page=278 |chapter=Astrophysical Black Holes |author=R. D. Blandford |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37976-2}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-9">{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |year=1974 |title=Black hole explosions? |journal=Nature |volume=248 |issue=5443 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1038/248030a0 |bibcode=1974Natur.248...30H}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-10">{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |year=1975 |title=Particle creation by black holes |journal=[[Communications in Mathematical Physics]] |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1007/BF02345020 |bibcode=1975CMaPh..43..199H}}</ref>

<ref name=black>{{cite book |first=Stephen|last=Hawking |title=Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU9SoEwgdskC&pg=PT20 |year=1994 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-553-37411-7 |page=20}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-11">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/8282358.stm |title=Hawking gives up academic title |publisher=BBC News |date=30 September 2009 |accessdate=1 October 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Susskind2008">{{cite book |first=Leonard|last=Susskind |title=The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3_rnRVxGIsC&pg=PT9 |date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-316-01640-7 |pages=9, 18}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-12">See Guth (1997) for a popular description of the workshop, or ''The Very Early Universe'', ISBN 0-521-31677-4 eds Gibbons, Hawking & Siklos for a detailed report.</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-13">{{cite journal |title=The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe |first=S.W. |last=Hawking |journal=Phys.Lett. |volume=B115 |page=295 |year=1982 |bibcode=1982PhLB..115..295H |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2 |issue=4}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-14">{{Cite journal | volume = 28 | page = 2960 | year = 1983 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960 | last1 = Hartle | journal = Physical Review D | first1 = J. | title = Wave function of the Universe | last2 = Hawking | first2 = S. | issue = 12|bibcode = 1983PhRvD..28.2960H }}</ref>

<ref name="sample">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/may/15/stephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven |title=Stephen Hawking: 'There is no heaven; it's a fairy story' |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=15 May 2011 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-15">{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=assistive-communication |title=Getting Back the Gift of Gab: Next-Gen Handheld Computers Allow the Mute to Converse |work=Scientific American |date=10 August 2009 |first=Larry |last=Greenemeier |accessdate=11 September 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-16">{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-06-15-hawking_x.htm |title=Stephen Hawking says pope told him not to study beginning of universe |date=15 June 2006 |work=USA Today |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="g2009">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/30/stephen-hawking-brief-history-time |title=How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists |work=The Guardian |date=31 July 2009 |accessdate=5 March 2012 |last=Radford |first=Tim}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-17">{{cite web |url=http://www.toptenz.net/top-ten-people-who-declined-knighthood.php |title=Top 10 People Who Declined Knighthood |publisher=Toptenz.net |date=15 February 2012 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="dt70">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/stephen-hawking/8989060/Stephen-Hawking-driven-by-a-cosmic-force-of-will.html |title=Stephen Hawking: driven by a cosmic force of will |first=Roger |last=Highfield |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=3 January 2012 |location=London |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=obs2004>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/apr/04/features.review17 |title=Brief History of a first wife |first=Tim |last=Adams |work=[[The Observer]] |date=4 April 2004 |location=London |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-18">{{cite web |url=http://www.theory.caltech.edu/%7Epreskill/info_bet.html |title=Black hole information bet |last1=Hawking |first1=S.W. |last2=Thorne |first2=K.S. |last3=Preskill |location=Pasadena, California |date=6 February 1997 |accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="concedbet">{{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S.W. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013 |title=Information loss in black holes |journal=Physical Review D |volume=72 |issue=8 |pages=084013 |year=2005 |arxiv=hep-th/0507171 |bibcode=2005PhRvD..72h4013H}}</ref>

<ref name=presskill>{{cite web |title=John Preskill's comments about Stephen Hawking's concession |url=http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/jp_24jul04.html |accessdate=29 February 2012 |first=John |last=Preskill}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-19">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/441912.stm |title=Call for global disability campaign |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |date=8 September 1999 |location=London |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-20">{{cite web |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/lilienfeld.cfm |title=Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize |publisher=American Physical Society |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref>

<ref name= sundaytimes>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1751518.ece |title=Welcome back to the family, Stephen |work=The Times |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate=6 May 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203111754/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1751518.ece |archivedate=3 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-21">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1452516/Police-plan-to-ask-Stephen-Hawking-about-abuse-claims.html |title=Police plan to ask Stephen Hawking about abuse claims |first=David |last=Harrison |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=25 January 2004 |location=London |accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-22">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/apr/04/features.review17 |title=Tim Adams talks to Jane Hawking about her ex husband Stephen |first=Tim |last=Adams |work=[[The Observer]] |date=4 April 2004 |location=London}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-23">{{cite news |last=Highfield |first=Roger |title=Stephen Hawking's explosive new theory |work=The Telegraph |date=26 June 2008 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3345641/Stephen-Hawkings-explosive-new-theory.html |accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-24">{{cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S.W. |last2=Hertog |first2=T. |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527 |title=Populating the landscape: A top-down approach |journal=Physical Review D |volume=73 |issue=12 |pages=123527 |year=2006 |arxiv=hep-th/0602091 |bibcode=2006PhRvD..73l3527H}}</ref>

<ref name=dt2012>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/stephen-hawking/8989060/Stephen-Hawking-driven-by-a-cosmic-force-of-will.html |title=Stephen Hawking: driven by a cosmic force of will&nbsp;– Telegraph |first=Roger |last=Highfield |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=3 January 2012 |location=London |accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-25">{{cite news |title=Hawking and second wife agree to divorce |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 October 2006 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1531891/Hawking-and-second-wife-agree-to-divorce.html |accessdate=18 March 2007 |last=Sapsted |first=David}}</ref>

<ref name="books">{{cite web |title=Books |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/books.html |work=Stephen Hawking Official Website |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-26">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/tvandradioblog/2008/mar/04/lastnightstvstephenhawking |title=Last night's TV: Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe |first=Sam |last=Wollaston |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 March 2008 |location=London |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=bbc-bbt>{{cite news |title=Professor Stephen Hawking films Big Bang Theory cameo |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17337778 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-29">{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.es/en/cursos/conciencia/premio_fonseca2008.html |title=Fonseca Prize 2008 |publisher=University of Santiago de Compostela |accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-30">{{cite news |title=Stephen Hawking takes a hard line on aliens |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/26/stephen-hawking-issues-warning-on-aliens |accessdate=24 February 2012 |first=Leo |last=Hickman |date=25 April 2010 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

<ref name="alien">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8642558.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Stephen Hawking warns over making contact with aliens |date=25 April 2010 |accessdate=24 May 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=nyt2007>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/01/science/01hawking.html?ref=stephenwhawking |title=Stephen Hawking Plans Prelude to the Ride of His Life |first=Dennis |last=Overbye |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 March 2007 |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=New York |accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-31">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1359562/Colonies-in-space-may-be-only-hope-says-Hawking.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking |date=16 October 2001 |accessdate=5 August 2007 |last=Highfield |first=Roger}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-32">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6594821.stm |title=Hawking takes zero-gravity flight |date=27 April 2007 |accessdate=17 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-33">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504171857/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html |archivedate=4 May 2007 |title=Physicist Hawking experiences zero gravity |publisher=CNN |date=26 April 2007 |accessdate=4 May 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-34">{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-11-03-hawking-iraq_x.htm |title=Scientist Stephen Hawking decries Iraq war |work=[[USA Today]] |date=3 November 2004 |accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-35">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Stephen-Hawking-reaffirms-support-of-Israel-boycott-312505 |title=Diplomacy and politics: Stephen Hawking reaffirms support of Israel boycott |accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT-20130508">{{cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |title=Stephen Hawking Joins Boycott Against Israel |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/world/middleeast/stephen-hawking-joins-boycott-against-israel.html |date=8 May 2013 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=8 May 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-36">{{cite news |author=Harriet Sherwood and Matthew Kalman in Jerusalem |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/08/stephen-hawking-israel-academic-boycott |title=Stephen Hawking joins academic boycott of Israel |work=The Guardian |accessdate=8 May 2013 |date=8 May 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=ind2007>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/prophet-of-doomsday-stephen-hawking-ecowarrior-433064.html |title=Prophet of Doomsday: Stephen Hawking, eco-warrior&nbsp;– Climate Change&nbsp;– Environment |first=Geoffrey |last=Lean |work=[[The Independent]] |date=21 January 2007 |location=London |accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-37">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/jul/24/genetics.europeanunion |title=Hawking urges EU not to stop stem cell funding |first=Debbie |last=Andalo |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 July 2006 |location=London |accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-38">{{cite news |last=Haurant |first=Sandra |title=Savings: Heavyweight celebrities endorse National Savings |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/jun/03/savings |accessdate=25 February 2013 |date=3 June 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-39">{{cite news |title=Could Hawking's parody be sincerest form of flattery? |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/comment/4454268/Could-Hawkings-parody-be-sincerest-form-of-flattery.html |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited |accessdate=19 February 2013 |date=13 June 2000}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-40">{{cite news |last=Usborne |first=Simon |title=Stephen Hawking, Go Compare and a brief history of selling out |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/advertising/stephen-hawking-go-compare-and-a-brief-history-of-selling-out-8434612.html |work=The Independent |accessdate=19 February 2013 |date=1 January 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-42">{{cite news |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/why-some-physicists-bet-against-the-higgs-boson/259977/ |title=Why Some Physicists Bet Against the Higgs Boson |first=Robert |last=Wright |work=The Atlantic |date=17 July 2012 |accessdate=1 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-43">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2012/jul/05/stephen-hawking-higgs-boson-bet-video |title=Stephen Hawking loses Higgs boson particle bet&nbsp;– Video |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 July 2012 |location=London |accessdate=1 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-44">{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/04/higgs-boson-stephen-hawking |title=Higgs boson breakthrough should earn physicist behind search Nobel Prize: Stephen Hawking |work=National Press |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=1 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="tech">{{cite news |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html |title=The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice |date=30 December 2011 |first=Catherine |last=de Lange |work=New Scientist |accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=hacked>{{cite web |url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/25/12401493-how-researchers-hacked-into-stephen-hawkings-brain?lite |title=How researchers hacked into Stephen Hawking's brain |date=25 June 2012 |first=Alan |last=Boyle |publisher=NBC News |accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=start>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18749963 |title=Start-up attempts to convert Prof Hawking's brainwaves into speech |date=7 July 2012 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-45">{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/oldest-space-travelled-science-prize-awarded-to-hawking |title=Oldest, space-travelled, science prize awarded to Hawking |date=24 August 2006 |publisher=The Royal Society |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="presidential">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/13/obama-hawking-medal-freedom |title=Obama presents presidential medal of freedom to 16 recipients |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=5 March 2012 |first=Ewen |last=MacAskill}}</ref>

<ref name=FPP-Dec2012>{{cite web |title=2013 Fundamental Physics Prize Awarded to Alexander Polyakov |url=http://breakthroughprize.org/News/11 |publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-46">{{cite journal |last=Komar |first=Oliver |last2=Buechner |first2=Linda |title=The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador Central America Honours the Fortitude of a Great Living Scientist |journal=Journal of College Science Teaching |volume=XXX |issue=2 |date=October 2000 |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html |accessdate=28 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730162105/http://geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html |archivedate=30 July 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-47">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2007/04/18/hawking_building_feature.shtml |title=The Stephen Hawking Building |date=18 April 2007 |accessdate=24 February 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-48">{{cite web |title=Grand Opening of the Stephen Hawking Centre at Perimeter Institute |url=http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/en/Events/Grand_Opening/Grand_Opening_of_the_Stephen_Hawking_Centre_at_Perimeter_Institute/ |accessdate=6 June 2012 |publisher=Perimeter Institute}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-49">{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/time-to-unveil-corpus-clock/ |title=Time to unveil Corpus Clock |publisher=Cambridgenetwork.co.uk |date=22 September 2008 |accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=tel2012>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7528596/Professor-Stephen-Hawking-to-stay-at-Cambridge-University-beyond-2012.html |title=Professor Stephen Hawking to stay at Cambridge University beyond 2012 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 March 2010 |location=London |accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="sciencenews1">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/31/us-pope-hawking-idUSTRE49U6E220081031 |title=Pope sees physicist Hawking at evolution gathering |last=Stewart |first=Phil |agency=Reuters |date=31 October 2008 |accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-50">{{cite web |title=Stephen Hawking&nbsp;– There is no God. There is no Fate. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7L7VTdzuY7Y |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-51">{{cite web |title=Curiosity: Did God Create the Universe? |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/did-god-create-the-universe.htm |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC. |date=7 August 2011 |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-52">{{cite web |author1=David Edwards |title=Stephen Hawking comes out: ‘I’m an atheist’ because science is ‘more convincing’ than God |url=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2014/09/stephen-hawking-comes-out-im-an-atheist-because-science-is-more-convincing-than-god/ |publisher=Raw Story |accessdate=25 September 2014 |date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-53">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8520033/Stephen-Hawking-tells-Google-philosophy-is-dead.html |title=Stephen Hawking tells Google 'philosophy is dead' |first=Matt |last=Warman |date=17 May 2011 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |accessdate=17 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-54">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19411225 |title=Paralympics: Games opening promises 'journey of discovery' |publisher=BBC |date=29 August 2012 |accessdate=29 August 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT-20130913">{{cite news |last=DeWitt |first=David |title=The Brilliance of His Universe |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/movies/hawking-a-documentary-on-stephen-hawking.html |date=13 September 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-55">{{cite news |last=Duffin |first=Claire |title=We don't let animals suffer, says Prof Stephen Hawking, as he backs assisted suicide |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/10315476/We-dont-let-animals-suffer-says-Prof-Stephen-Hawking-as-he-backs-assisted-suicide.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-56">{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/celebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text |title=Celebrities' open letter to Scotland – full text and list of signatories |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=7 August 2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-57">Natasha Culzac, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/stephen-hawking-mnd-sufferer-does-ice-bucket-challenge-with-a-twist-9698539.html Stephen Hawking, MND sufferer, does ice bucket challenge with a twist]. ''The Independent'' (London), 29 August 2014.</ref>

<ref name=KirkusBaby>{{cite web |title=Black Holes and Baby Universes |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/stephen-hawking/black-holes-and-baby-universes/ |date=20 March 2010 |work=Kirkus Reviews |accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-58">{{cite web |url=http://www.errolmorris.com/film/bhot.html |title=A Brief History of Time: Synopsis |publisher=Errol Morris |accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-59">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html |title=Stephen Hawking's Universe |publisher=PBS |accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-60">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/hawking_prog_summary.shtml |title=The Hawking Paradox |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 February 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="art">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/reviewsNews/idUSN0242298520070803?rpc=92 |title="Masters of Science Fiction" too artistic for ABC |accessdate=7 December 2012 |last=Richmond |first=Ray |agency=Reuters |date=3 August 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-61">{{cite web |title=Master of the Universe |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/master-of-the-universe |accessdate=4 March 2012 |publisher=Channel 4}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-62">{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/stephen-hawking/about/about.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325010542/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/stephen-hawking/about/about.html |archivedate=25 March 2011 |title=Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking |publisher=Discovery Channel |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-63">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/brave-new-world-with-stephen-hawking |title=Brave New World with Stephen Hawking |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-64">{{cite web |url=http://www.discoveryuk.com/web/stephen-hawkings-grand-design/ |title=Stephen Hawking's Grand Design |publisher=Discovery Channel |accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-65">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/stephen-hawking-a-brief-history-of-mine |title=Stephen Hawking: A Brief History Of Mine |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Auto2J-66">{{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/08/06/stephen-hawking-theory-of-everything-trailer |title=Eddie Redmayne plays Stephen Hawking in 'Theory of Everything' trailer |first=Jeff |last=Labrecque |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=6 August 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>
}}

=== Sumber ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawking |first=Stephen |title=My Brief History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYYaAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-345-53528-3 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Baird |first=Eric |title=Relativity in Curved Spacetime: Life Without Special Relativity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU4xUMuJlukC |year=2007 |publisher=Chocolate Tree Books |isbn=978-0-9557068-0-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Boslough |first=John |year=1989 |title=Stephen Hawking's universe: an introduction to the most remarkable scientist of our time |publisher=Avon Books |isbn=978-0-380-70763-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkntNIwunAAC |accessdate=4 March 2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Kitty |title=Stephen Hawking: His Life and Work |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZLMWpujVUcC |year=2011 |publisher=Transworld |isbn=978-1-4481-1047-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book| editor1-last=Gibbons| editor1-first= Gary W.| editor1-link= Gary Gibbons| editor2-first = Stephen W.| editor2-last = Hawking| editor3-last = Siklos| editor3-first= S.T.C. |title=The Very early universe: proceedings of the Nuffield workshop, Cambridge, 21 June to 9 July, 1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-521-31677-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Jane |last=Hawking |title=Travelling to Infinity: My Life With Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd_nLQAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Alma |isbn=978-1-84688-115-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |title=Black holes and baby universes and other essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTLGnTZabBQC |year=1994 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-37411-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen W. |last2=Ellis |first2=George F.R. |title=The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QagG_KI7Ll8C |year=1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-09906-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |title=Stephen Hawking's A brief history of time: a reader's companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCmUQgAACAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-07772-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen W. |last2=Israel |first2=Werner |title=Three Hundred Years of Gravitation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37976-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kristine |title=Stephen Hawking: a biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yL3RBMEI5OgC |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32392-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Hélène |last=Mialet |editors=Knox, Kevin C. & Noakes, Richard |chapter=Is the end in sight for the Lucasian chair? Stephen Hawking as Millennium Professor |title=From Newton to Hawking: A History of Cambridge University's Lucasian Professors of Mathematics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGX_rAeia4kC |year=2003 |pages=425–460 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66310-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Hélène |last=Mialet |title=Hawking Incorporated: Stephen Hawking and the Anthropology of the Knowing Subject |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGCBQPZMyqIC |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-52226-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Okuda |first1=Michael |authorlink1=Michael Okuda |last2=Okuda |first2=Denise |authorlink2=Denise Okuda |year=1999 |title=The Star trek encyclopedia: a reference guide to the future |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn=978-0-671-53609-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOeZQhAQZHgC |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Pickover |first=Clifford A. |authorlink1=Clifford A. Pickover |year=2008 |title=Archimedes to Hawking: laws of science and the great minds behind them |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533611-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC |accessdate=4 March 2012}}
* {{cite book |last1=White |first1=Michael |last2=Gribbin |first2=John |year=2002 |title=Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoE6FAnDtRYC |edition=2nd |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-08410-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Yulsman |first=Tom |title=Origins: the quest for our cosmic roots |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eh3_GfqlDlMC |year=2003 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-7503-0765-9 |ref=harv}}

{{refend}}


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 159: Baris 504:
* {{en}} {{MathGenealogy |id=78459}}
* {{en}} {{MathGenealogy |id=78459}}
* {{en}} {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hawking}}
* {{en}} {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hawking}}

{{Peraih Medali Copley 2001–2050}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawking, Stephen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawking, Stephen}}

Revisi per 26 Agustus 2016 07.04

Stephen William Hawking
Hawking di NASA, 1980-an
LahirStephen William Hawking
8 Januari 1942 (umur 82)
Oxford, Inggris
Tempat tinggalBritania Raya
KebangsaanBritania
Almamater
Dikenal atas
Suami/istri
​
​
(m. 1965; bercerai 1995)​
Elaine Mason
​
​
(m. 1995; bercerai 2006)​
Anak
  • Robert (l. 1967)
  • Lucy (l. 1970)
  • Timothy (l. 1979)
Penghargaan
Karier ilmiah
Bidang
Institusi
DisertasiProperties of Expanding Universes (1965[15])
Pembimbing doktoralDennis Sciama[2]
Pembimbing akademik lainRobert Berman[3]
Mahasiswa doktoral
TerinspirasiDikran Tahta
Situs webhawking.org.uk

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS (lahir 8 Januari 1942[16]), adalah seorang ahli fisika teoretis. Ia adalah seorang profesor Lucasian dalam bidang matematika di Universitas Cambridge dan anggota dari Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Ia dikenal akan sumbangannya di bidang fisika kuantum, terutama karena teori-teorinya mengenai teori kosmologi, gravitasi kuantum, lubang hitam, dan radiasi Hawking. Salah satu tulisannya adalah A Brief History of Time, yang tercantum dalam daftar bestseller di Sunday Times London selama 237 minggu berturut-turut.[17][18] Pada tahun 2010 Hawking bersama Leonard Mladinow menyusun buku The Grand Design.

Meskipun mengalami tetraplegia (kelumpuhan) karena sklerosis lateral amiotrofik, karier ilmiahnya terus berlanjut selama lebih dari empat puluh tahun. Buku-buku dan penampilan publiknya menjadikan ia sebagai seorang selebritis akademik dan teoretikus fisika yang termasyhur di dunia.

Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan

Stephen Hawking lahir pada 8 Januari 1942 dari pasangan Dr. Frank Hawking, seorang biolog, dan Isobel Hawking. Ia memiliki dua saudara kandung, yaitu Philippa dan Mary, dan saudara adopsi, Edward.[19] Orang tua Hawking tinggal di North London dan pindah ke Oxford ketika ibu Hawking sedang mengandung dirinya untuk mencari tempat yang lebih aman. (London saat itu berada dibawah serangan Luftwaffe Jerman).[20]

Setelah Hawking lahir, keluarga mereka kembali ke London. Ayahnya lalu mengepalai divisi parasitologi di National Institute for Medical Research.[19] Pada tahun 1950, Hawking dan keluarganya pindah ke St Albans, Hertfordshire. Di sana ia bersekolah di St Albans High School for Girls dari tahun 1950 hingga 1953 (pada masa itu, laki-laki dapat masuk ke sekolah perempuan hingga usia sepuluh tahun).[21] Dari usia sebelas tahun, Hawking bersekolah di St Albans School.[19]

University College, Oxford, tempat Hawking berkuliah.

Hawking selalu tertarik pada ilmu pengetahuan.[19] Ia terinspirasi dari guru matematikanya yang bernama Dikran Tahta[22] untuk mempelajari matematika di universitas. Ayahnya ingin agar Hawking masuk ke University College, Oxford, tempat ayahnya dulu bersekolah. Hawking lalu mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan alam. Ia mendapat beasiswa, dan lalu berspesialisasi dalam fisika.[20]

Setelah menerima gelar B.A. di Oxford pada 1962, ia tetap tinggal untuk mempelajari astronomi. Ia memilih pergi ketika mengetahui bahwa mempelajari bintik matahari tidak sesuai untuknya dan Hawking lebih tertarik pada teori daripada observasi.[19] Hawking lalu masuk ke Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Ia mempelajari astronomi teoretis dan kosmologi.

Segera setelah tiba di Cambridge, gejala sklerosis lateral amiotrofik (ALS) yang akan membuatnya kehilangan hampir seluruh kendali neuromuskularnya mulai muncul. Pada tahun 1974, ia tidak mampu makan atau bangun tidur sendiri. Suaranya menjadi tidak jelas sehingga hanya dapat dimengerti oleh orang yang mengenalnya dengan baik. Pada tahun 1985, ia terkena penyakit pneumonia dan harus dilakukan trakeostomi sehingga ia tidak dapat berbicara sama sekali. Seorang ilmuwan Cambridge membuat alat yang memperbolehkan Hawking menulis apa yang ingin ia katakan pada sebuah komputer, lalu akan dilafalkan melalui sebuah voice synthesizer'.[23]

Karier dalam fisika teoretis

Mengenai keberadaan kehidupan ekstraterestrial

Stephen Hawking dalam keadaan gravitasi nol.

Hawking meyakini bahwa kehidupan ekstraterestrial memang ada, dan ia menggunakan basis matematis untuk asumsinya. "Menurut otak matematisku, angka menunjukan bahwa keberadaan alien sangatlah rasional. Tantangan terbesar adalah memperkirakan seperti apakah alien itu." Ia meyakini bahwa alien tidak hanya ada di planet-planet, tetapi mungkin juga di tempat lain, seperti bintang atau mengapung di angkasa luas. Hawking juga memperingati bahwa beberapa spesies alien mungkin memiliki peradaban yang maju dan dapat mengancam Bumi. Hubungan dengan spesies seperti itu dapat membahayakan seluruh umat manusia.[24] Ia mengatakan, "Jika alien mengunjungi kita, hasilnya akan sama seperti ketika Columbus mendarat di Amerika, yang tidak berakhir baik bagi penduduk asli Amerika". Hawking juga menyarankan, daripada mencoba menghubungi alien, sebaiknya kita menghindari hubungan dengan mereka.[25]

Kehidupan pribadi

Hawking menikah dengan Jane Wilde, seorang murid bahasa, pada tahun 1965.[19] Jane Hawking mengurusnya hingga perceraian mereka pada tahun 1991. Mereka bercerai karena tekanan ketenaran dan meningkatnya kecacatan Hawking. Mereka telah dikaruniai tiga anak: Robert (lahir 1967), Lucy (lahir 1969), dan Timothy (lahir 1979). Hawking lalu menikahi perawatnya, Elaine Mason (sebelumnya menikah dengan David Mason, perancang komputer bicara Hawking), pada tahun 1995. Pada Oktober 2006, Hawking meminta bercerai dari istri keduanya.[26]

Ketika ditanyakan mengenai IQnya pada tahun 2004, Hawking menjawab, "Saya tidak tahu. Orang yang membanggakan IQnya adalah seorang pecundang."[27]

Pandangan religius

Hawking mengambil posisi agnostik dalam masalah agama.[28][29] Ia telah menggunakan kata "Tuhan" (secara metaforis)[30] untuk menggambarkan poin dalam buku-buku dan pidatonya. Mantan istrinya, Jane, menyatakan saat proses perceraian bahwa Hawking adalah seorang ateis.[31][32] Hawking menyatakan bahwa ia "tidak religius secara akal sehat" dan ia percaya bahwa "alam semesta diatur oleh hukum ilmu pengetahuan. Hukum tersebut mungkin dibuat oleh Tuhan, tetapi Tuhan tidak melakukan intervensi untuk melanggar hukum."[28] Hawking membandingkan agama dan ilmu pengetahuan pada tahun 2010, menyatakan: "Terdapat perbedaan mendasar antara agama, yang berdasarkan pada otoritas, [dan] ilmu pengetahuan, yang berdasarkan pada observasi dan alasan. Ilmu pengetahuan akan menang karena memang terbukti."[33]

Pada September 2010, The Telegraph melaporkan, "Stephen Hawking telah menyatakan bahwa Tuhan bukan pencipta alam semesta".[34] Hawking menulis dalam bukunya, The Grand Design, bahwa "Karena adanya hukum seperti gravitasi, tata surya dapat dan akan membentuk dirinya sendiri. Penciptaan spontan adalah alasannya mengapa sekarang ada 'sesuatu' dan bukannya kehampaan, mengapa alam semesta ada dan kita ada. Tidak perlu memohon kepada Tuhan untuk memulai segalanya dan menggerakan alam semesta."[35][36]

Penghargaan

Bibliografi

Publikasi populer

Ko-penulis

Kata pengantar

Fiksi anak-anak

Ditulis dengan anaknya Lucy.

Film dan seri

Karya akademik terpilih

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ "Certificate of election: Hawking, Stephen, EC/1974/12". London: The Royal Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 February 2014. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stephen Hawking di Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ Ferguson 2011, hlm. 29.
  4. ^ Allen, Bruce (1983). Vacuum energy and general relativity (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544. 
  5. ^ Bousso, Raphael (1997). Pair creation of black holes in cosmology (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697. 
  6. ^ Carr, Bernard John (1976). Primordial black holes (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798. 
  7. ^ Dowker, Helen Fay (1991). Space-time wormholes (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858. 
  8. ^ Galfard, Christophe Georges Gunnar Sven (2006). Black hole information & branes (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782. 
  9. ^ Gibbons, Gary William (1973). Some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671. 
  10. ^ Hertog, Thomas (2002). The origin of inflation (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554. 
  11. ^ Laflamme, Raymond (1988). Time and quantum cosmology (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575. 
  12. ^ Page, Don Nelson (1976). Accretion into and emission from black holes (Tesis PhD). California Institute of Technology. http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7179/. 
  13. ^ Perry, Malcolm John (1978). Black holes and quantum mechanics (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538. 
  14. ^ Wu, Zhongchao (1984). Cosmological models and the inflationary universe (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549. 
  15. ^ Hawking, Stephen (1966). Properties of Expanding Universes (Tesis PhD). University of Cambridge. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62793673.  OCLC 62793673
  16. ^ The Times 8 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  17. ^ Hawking, Stephen (1988). A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-38016-8. 
  18. ^ Redfor, Tim "How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists" Guardian 31 July 2009 [1]
  19. ^ a b c d e f Current Biography, 1984. New York City: H. W. Wilson Company. 1984. 
  20. ^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. "Stephen William Hawking". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Diakses tanggal 2009-10-01. 
  21. ^ Stephen Hawking A Biography. Greenwood Press. 1995. 
  22. ^ "Dick Tahta". The Guardian. London. 5 January 2007. Diakses tanggal 19 May 2008. 
  23. ^ Hawking, Stephen W. "Disability Advice". Diakses tanggal 2009-10-01. 
  24. ^ Don’t talk to aliens, warns Stephen Hawking, Timesonline.co.uk, The Sunday Times, by Jonathan Leake, 25 April 2010
  25. ^ "Hawking warns over alien beings". BBC News. 25 April 2010. Diakses tanggal 24 Mei 2010. 
  26. ^ Sapsted, David (9 Januari 2007). "Hawking and second wife agree to divorce". The Daily Telegraph. London. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2007. 
  27. ^ Solomon, Deborah (12 Desember 2004). "The Science of Second-Guessing: Questions for Stephen Hawking". New York Times. 
  28. ^ a b Stewart, Phil (31 October 2008). "Pope sees physicist Hawking at evolution gathering". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2009. 
  29. ^ "Stephen Hawking". Nndb.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-22. 
  30. ^ "Though A Brief History of Time brings in God as a useful metaphor, Hawking is an atheist" Anthony Burgess, 'Towards a Theory of Everything', The Observer, 29 December 1991, hal. 42
  31. ^ "Then, in 1999, his former wife published Music To Move The Stars: My Life with Stephen, in which she detailed (...) how her Christian faith clashed with his steadfast atheism; (...) The last line in A Brief History Of Time is famous for saying that, if we could tie together the equations describing the universe, we would "know the mind of God." But, as his former wife says, he is an atheist. So why is the deity making an appearance? The obvious answer is that it helps sell books." Charles Arthur, 'The Crazy World of Stephen Hawking', The Independent (London), 12 October 2001, Features, Pg. 7.
  32. ^ "Jane took much of her dramatic hope at the time from her faith, and still sees something of the irony in the fact that her Christianity gave her the strength to support her husband, the most profound atheist. 'Stephen, I hope, had belief in me that I could make everything possible for him, but he did not share my religious - or spiritual - faith.' " Tim Adams, 'A Brief History of a First Wife', The Observer, 4 April 2004, Review Pages, Pg. 4.
  33. ^ Heussner, Ki Mae (June 7, 2010). "Stephen Hawking on Religion: 'Science Will Win'". ABC News. Diakses tanggal June 9, 2010. 
  34. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7979211/Has-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html, Telegraph UK, Diakses 7 September 2010
  35. ^ Michael Holden (2 September 2010). "God did not create the universe, says Hawking". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 3 September 2010. 
  36. ^ "Another ungodly squabble". The Economist. 2010-09-05. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-06. 
  37. ^ "Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize". American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-29. 
  38. ^ "Oldest, space-travelled, science prize awarded to Hawking". The Royal Society. 24 August 2006. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-29. 
  39. ^ "Fonseca Prize 2008". University of Santiago de Compostela. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-07. 
  40. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (13 August 2009). "Obama presents presidential medal of freedom to 16 recipients". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal 5 March 2012. 
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Books". Stephen Hawking Official Website. Diakses tanggal 28 February 2012. 
  42. ^ "Black Holes and Baby Universes". Kirkus Reviews. 20 March 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2012. 
  43. ^ "A Brief History of Time: Synopsis". Errol Morris. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2012. 
  44. ^ "Stephen Hawking's Universe". PBS. Diakses tanggal 26 June 2012. 
  45. ^ Larsen 2005, hlm. 79.
  46. ^ "The Hawking Paradox". BBC. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2012. 
  47. ^ Richmond, Ray (3 August 2007). ""Masters of Science Fiction" too artistic for ABC". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2012. 
  48. ^ "Master of the Universe". Channel 4. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2012. 
  49. ^ "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking". Discovery Channel. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 March 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2010. 
  50. ^ "Brave New World with Stephen Hawking". Channel 4. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2012. 
  51. ^ "Stephen Hawking's Grand Design". Discovery Channel. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2012. 
  52. ^ "Stephen Hawking: A Brief History Of Mine". Channel 4. Diakses tanggal 12 January 2014. 
  53. ^ Labrecque, Jeff (6 August 2014). "Eddie Redmayne plays Stephen Hawking in 'Theory of Everything' trailer". Entertainment Weekly. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2014. 

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Sumber

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Stephen Hawking.
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