Hawa mitokondria

Haplogroup manusia modern

Melalui genetic drift, yaitu seleksi, garis ibu dapat ditelusuri ke satu orang wanita

Filogeni mitokondria manusia yang disederhanakan

"Eva mitokondria" (atau Hawa mitokondrial; bahasa Inggris: Mitochondrial Eve), di bidang genetika manusia, adalah julukan yang diberi ke moyang bersama yang terkini lewat garis matrilineal (garis ibu; dalam bahasa Inggris "MRCA" atau most recent common ancestor). Dalam kata lain, wanita yang dijuluki demikian adalah moyang dari semua manusia yang hidup saat ini (disamakan dengan Hawa, nama perempuan pertama menurut Kitab-kitab suci agama Samawi), dari sisi ibu, dan dari ibu ke ibu, mundur ke masa lampau sampai semua garis keturunan bertemu pada satu orang. Dalam setiap orang, semua DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) turun dari mtDNA orang tersebut karena mtDNA setiap orang diturunkan ke anaknya tanpa kombinasi ulang.

Di samping Eva mitokondria, ada juga "Adam kromosom Y", nama yang diberi kepada moyang bersama lewat garis ayah atau patrilineal. Namun kedua orang ini diperkirakan hidup pada waktu yang berbeda ribuan tahun jaraknya.

Dalam garis yang menuju ke MRCA, setiap moyang dari orang yang hidup kini memiliki saudara seangkatan, kakak dan adik sekandung Boleh jadi ada lebih dari satu MRCA yang lahir pada hari yang sama. Namun mereka dipandang sebagai satu MRCA secara keseluruhan.

Pada umumnya, Eva mitokondria diperkirakan hidup sekitar 200 000 tahun lalu, kemungkinan paling besar di Afrika Timur, saat Homo sapiens sapiens ("anatomically modern humans" atau "manusia modern dari segi anatomi") sedang berkembang sebagai manusia yang terpisah dari sub-spesies manusia lain.

Eva mitokondria hidup jauh lebih dini dari pada apa yang disebut sebagai "Out-of-Africa migration", yang diperkirakan terjadi antara 95 000 dan 45 000 tahun lalu. Penentuan tanggal "Eva" ini meniadakan hipotesa "asal-usul multiregional manusia modern" (teori yang menganggap bahwa "manusia modern" muncul di lebih dari satu tempat di dunia), dan mendukung hipotesa bahwa manusia modern muncul pada saat yang tidak terlalu jauh pada masa lampau di Afrika, kemudian menyebar dari Afrika dan menggantikan manusia yang lebih "purba" seperti Neanderthal. Dengan demikian, hipotesa "Out-of-Africa", yang di kalangan peneliti disebut "asal-usul manusia modern dari Afrika", adalah yang dominan.

Lihat pula

• Mitokondria
• Hawa

Perpustakaan

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Pranala luar

Artikel ini tersedia dalam versi lisan

• Krishna Kunchithapadam, "What, if anything, is a Mitochondrial Eve?" a simple explanation
• The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa - by Stephen Oppenheimer - Discovery Channel, 2002