Perampasan harta benda Armenia oleh Turki: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Revisi per 6 November 2022 11.25
Penyitaan harta benda Armenia yang dilakukan pemerintah Ottoman dan Turki melibatkan penyitaan aset, properti, dan tanah milik masyarakat Armenia. Dimulai dai Pembantaian Hamidian pada pertengahan 1890-an dan memuncak selama genosida Armenia, penyitaan properti Armenia berlangsung terus menerus hingga 1974.[5] Sebagian besar penyitaan selama genosida Armenia dilakukan setelah orang-orang Armenia dideportasi ke Gurun Suriah dengan pemerintah menyatakan barang dan aset mereka telah ditinggalkan. Hampir semua properti yang dimiliki oleh orang-orang Armenia yang tinggal di tanah leluhur mereka di Armenia Barat disita dan kemudian didistribusikan di antara penduduk Muslim setempat.
Sejarawan berpendapat bahwa penyitaan massal properti Armenia merupakan faktor penting dalam membentuk basis ekonomi Republik Turki sambil memberi ekonomi Turki berupa modal. Apropriasi menyebabkan pembentukan borjuis kelas menengah di Turki baru.[6][7][8]
Referensi
- Catatan
- Referensi
- ^ Ruggles 2012, hlm. 174.
- ^ a b (dalam bahasa Turki) Yalçın, Soner. "Çankaya Köşkü'nün ilk sahibi Ermeni'ydi." Hürriyet. 25 March 2007.
- ^ Üngör & Polatel 2011, hlm. 69.
- ^ Öktem, Kerem (2008). "The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey". European Journal of Turkish Studies (7). doi:10.4000/ejts.2243 . ISSN 1773-0546.
- ^ Üngör & Polatel 2011, hlm. 11: "Sait etinoğlu telah menempatkan pengambilalihan orang-orang Armenia selama genosida 1915 dalam konteks sejarah yang jauh lebih luas. Dia berpendapat bahwa dari prisma longue durée, periode 1895–1955 membawa penghapusan total kehidupan ekonomi Ottoman-Armenia. Proses ini berpindah dari pembantaian Abdulhamid 1895 ke pembantaian Adana, mencapai puncaknya dengan genosida dan akhirnya dalam pembakaran Smyrna, berlanjut di masa damai selama diskriminasi antar perang, dipercepat selama Pajak Kekayaan diluncurkan selama Perang Dunia II, dan ditemukan kesimpulan dalam pogrom 6-7 September 1955. Hanya dalam waktu enam puluh tahun, orang-orang Armenia Utsmaniyah telah dimusnahkan – secara ekonomi dan dalam banyak cara lainnya.”
- ^ The Armenian Genocide: Facts and Documents. New York City: St. Vartan Press. 1985. hlm. 11.
- ^ "Articles 2, 3, 6, 11 and 22 of the governmental order of May 16, 1915, from Talaat, head of the Ministry of Interior, in Constantinople directing the seizure and confiscation of Armenian buildings apply, also, to church buildings and their property". The Armenian Review. 18: 3. 1965.
- ^ Acemoglu, Murat (18 November 2000). "The Consequences of the Events of 1915–1923: Destruction of the Populace and Monuments, Confiscation of Abandoned Properties and Assimilation of the Orphans". Armenian Reporter. 34 (7): 3. ISSN 1074-1453.
Daftar pustaka
- Akçam, Taner (2007). A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2. - Profile at Google Books
- Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity the Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4184-4. - Profile at Google Books
- Atılgan, Mehmet; Eren, Onat; Mildanoğlu, Nora; Polatel, Mehmet (2012). 2012 Beyannamesi: İstanbul Ermeni vakıflarının el konan mülkleri (dalam bahasa Turki). Uluslararası Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları. ISBN 9786058657007.
- Baghdjian, Kevork K. (2010). A.B. Gureghian, ed. The Confiscation of Armenian properties by the Turkish Government Said to be Abandoned. Printing House of the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia. ISBN 978-9953-0-1702-0.
- Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4.
- Cagaptay, Soner (2013). Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-17448-5.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1995). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-666-5.
- Hartunian, Abraham H. (1986). Neither to laugh nor to weep: a memoir of the Armenian genocide. Diterjemahkan oleh Vartan Hartunian (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge, Mass.: Armenian Heritage Press. ISBN 978-0-935411-00-3.
- Hatemi, Kezban; Kurban, Dilek (2009). Bir "yarbancı"laştırma hikâesi: Türkiye'de gayrımüslim cemaatlerin vakif ve taşınmaz mülkiyet sorunu (PDF) (dalam bahasa Turki). İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-5832-06-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 September 2013. Diakses tanggal 26 September 2013.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. 1. Berkeley: University of California Publishing. ISBN 978-0-520-01805-1.
- Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. (2008). The Armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0891-0.
- Kardeş, Selahattin (2012) [2008]. Tehcir ve Emval-i Metruke Mevzuatı (PDF) (dalam bahasa Turki) (edisi ke-2nd). Ankara: T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı (Finance Ministry of the Republic of Turkey). ISBN 978-975-8195-17-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 24 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 12 October 2013.
- Kevorkian, Raymond H. (2010). The Armenian genocide : a complete history (edisi ke-Reprinted.). London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-561-8.
- Marashlian, Levon (1999). Richard G. Hovannisian, ed. Finishing the Armenian Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian survivors. Wayne State University Press. hlm. 113–146. ISBN 978-0-8143-2777-7.
- Oran, Baskın (2006). Türkiye'de azınlıklar: kavramlar, teori, Lozan, iç mevzuat, içtihat, uygulama (dalam bahasa Turki) (edisi ke-3rd). İstanbul: İletişim. ISBN 978-975-05-0299-6.
- Peroomian, Rubina (2008). And those who continued living in Turkey after 1915: the metamorphosis of the post-genocide Armenian identity as reflected in artistic literature. Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. ISBN 978-99941-963-2-6.
- Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2012). On location heritage cities and sites. New York, NY: Springer. hlm. 174. ISBN 978-1-4614-1108-6.
- Sachar, Howard M. (2007). A History of the Jews in the Modern World. Random House LLC. ISBN 978-0-307-42436-5.
- Sarafian, Ara (1998). James L. Barton, ed. "Turkish atrocities": statements of American missionaries on the destruction of Christian communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Gomidas Institute. ISBN 978-1-884630-04-0.
- Toriguian, Shavarsh (1988). The Armenian question and international law (edisi ke-2nd). La Verne, Calif., U.S.A.: ULV Press. ISBN 978-0-911707-13-7.
- Turabian, Hagop (1962). L'Arménie et le peuple arménien (PDF) (dalam bahasa Prancis). Paris, France: Katcherian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 4 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2013.
- Üngör, Uğur Ümit; Polatel, Mehmet (2011). Confiscation and destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. New York: e Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4411-3578-0.
- Vryonis, Speros (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom Of September 6-7, 1955, And The Destruction Of The Greek Community Of Istanbul. Greekworks.Com Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-9747660-3-4.
- Winter, J. M. (2003). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-16382-1.
Pranala luar
Interactive Map of Confiscated Armenian Properties around Istanbul (click the + sign below the logo to see the legend) |
- Hrant Dink Foundation: Website dedicated to the confiscation of properties. Site includes maps, detailed history, and status.
- (YouTube Video) Prof. Ugur Ungor Discusses Property Confiscation During the Armenian Genocide (30 April 2012)
- Der Matossian, Bedross (2011). "The Taboo within the Taboo: The Fate of 'Armenian Capital' at the End of the Ottoman Empire". European Journal of Turkish Studies.