Yahudi-Irak

Yahudi Irak
يهود العراق; יהודים עיראקים;
Jumlah populasi
	750,000–1,000,000
	118,000 (tinggal di Irak oada 1947)
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Israel	200,000+
Amerika Serikat	150,000+
Britania Raya	135,000+
Kanada	25,000+
Australia	20,000+
Bahrain	1,500+
Irak	< 10
Bahasa
	Ibrani, Yudeo Arab, Yudeo-Aram (di Utara Irak)
Agama
	Yudaisme
Kelompok etnik terkait
	Yahudi Israel, Yahudi Kurdi, Yahudi Persia, Yahudi Mizrahi, Mandean, Asiria

Yahudi Irak (Ibrani: יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים, Yahudi Babilonia, Yehudim Bavlim, bahasa Arab: يهود العراق Yahūd al-ʿIrāq), telah terdokumentasikan dari zaman pembuangan ke Babilonia pada sekitar tahun 586 SM. Yahudi Irak merupakan salah satu komunitas Yahudi paling signifikan dan tertua di dunia.

Komunitas Yahudi di Babilonia meliputi Ezra sang Ahli Taurat, yang kembali ke Yudea pada akhir abad ke-6 SM yang dikaitkan dengan perubahan sigifikan dalam perayaan ritual Yahudi dan pembangunan kembali Bait Allah. Talmud dikompilasikan di Babilonia, diidentifikasikan dengan Irak modern.^[4]

Dari zaman Babilonia sampai kebangkitan kekhalifahan Islam, komunitas Yahudi di Babilonia menjadi pusat pembelajaran Yahudi. Invasi Mongol dan diskriminasi Islam pada Abad Pertengahan berujung pada pembersihannya.^[5] Di bawah Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah, Yahudi di Irak diperlakukan dengan baik. Komunitas tersebut mendirikan sekolah-sekolah modern pada paruh kedua abad ke-19.^[6]

Pada abad ke-20, Yahudi Irak memainkan peran penting pada hari-hari awal kemerdekaan Irak. Antara 1950–52, 120,000–130,000 komunitas Yahudi Irak (sekitar 75%) dibawa ke Israel dalam Operasi Ezra dan Nehemia.^[7]

Catatan penjelas

Daftar pustaka

Catatan

↑ Ben-Yaacob, Abraham, et al. (2007). "Iraq." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 10 (pp. 14-24). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 16. Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.
↑ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-73357609.html Diarsipkan 2012-11-04 di Wayback Machine. About 600,000 Iraqi Jews left the country after Israel was established.
↑ "Arab American Demographics". Arab American Institute. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2010-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-10.
↑ The Tower of Babel and Babylon, Gilgamesh, Ningizzida, Gudea
↑ "Nehardea Magazine". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2008-11-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-21.
↑ "Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?" Diarsipkan 2008-05-20 di Wayback Machine., Haaretz
↑ "Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon", BBC.
UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE ,A/AC.25/SR/G/9, 19 February 1949,MEETING BETWEEN THE CONCILIATION COMMISSION AND NURI ES SAID, PRIME MINISTER OF IRAQ, diakses tanggal 2013-10-15, It would also be necessary to put an end to the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. The Prime Minister referred to the increasing difficulty of assuring the protection of the Jews resident in Iraq, under the present circumstances. In answer to an observation by Mr. de Boisanger, who wondered whether Tel Aviv was interested in the fate of the Jews of Iraq, the Prime Minister explained that he was not thinking in terms of persecution; he did not wish the Commission to receive a false impression with regard to his personal sentiments towards the Jews. But if the Jews continued to show the bad faith that they had demonstrated until the present moment, events might take place. (The Prime Minister did not clarify this warning)
Esther Meir-Glitzenstein (2 August 2004). Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s. Routledge. hlm. 205. ISBN 978-1-135-76862-1. in mid September 1950, Nuri al-Said replaced...as prime minister. Nuri was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as...
Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. hlm. 365–. ISBN 978-0-231-52690-6. At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with the palestinian exodus...Nuri Said described a plan to expel Jews from Iraq ...head of Jordanian government
Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. hlm. 237–. ISBN 978-0-231-52690-6.
Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2.
Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2. the general sentiment was chat if a man as well connected and powerful as Adas could he eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer.

Referensi

Bard, Mitchell (2013). "The Jews of Iraq". Jewish Virtual Library. Diakses tanggal September 10, 2013.
Gale, Naomi (2005). The Sephardim of Sydney: Coping with Political Processes and Social Pressures (Edisi 2005). Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845190354. – Total pages: 188
Kalpakian, Jack (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Edisi 2004). Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754633389. – Total pages: 213
Levin, Itamar (2001). Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries (Edisi 2001). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275971342. – Total pages: 265
Murphy, Verity (July 29, 2003). "Iraq Jews' spiritual move to Israel". BBC News. Diakses tanggal September 10, 2013.
Rejwan, Nissim; Beinin, Joel (2010). The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland (Edisi 2010). University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292774421. – Total pages: 242
Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara (2013). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times (Edisi 2013). Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231507592. – Total pages: 432

Bacaan tambahan

E. Black, Banking on Baghdad (Wiley, 2004).
M. Gat, The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 (Frank Cass, 1997).
H. Haddad, Flight from Babylon (McGraw-Hill, 1986).
S. Hillel, Operation Babylon (Doubleday, 1987). ISBN 0-385-23597-6
N. Rejwan, The Jews of Iraq (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985).
N. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Jewish Publication Society, 1991).
C. Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Nissim Rejwan, The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland (University of Texas Press, 2004)
Naim Kattan, Farewell Babylon (Souvenir Press, 2007)
Marina Benjamin, Last Days in Babylon: The History of the Jews of Baghdad (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007)
Sasson Somekh, Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew, Ibis, Jerusalem, 2007
Eli Amir, The Dove Flyer (Halban Publishers, 2010)
Mona Yahia, When the Grey Beetles took over Baghdad (Halban Publishers, 2003)

Pranala luar

Iraqi Jews Community By Kobi Arami Diarsipkan 2014-03-02 di Wayback Machine.
Iraqi Jews Worldwide Diarsipkan 2016-10-22 di Wayback Machine.
Iraqi Jews from Baghdad Diarsipkan 2008-03-14 di Wayback Machine.
Foundation for Sephardic Culture
The Jewish Community of Baghdad
Iraq Jews hub at Iraqjews.org
Tradition of the Iraqi Jews Diarsipkan 2013-01-08 di Archive.is (mostly Hebrew, with links to recordings)
Iraqi Jews genealogy Diarsipkan 2008-06-24 di Wayback Machine.
Jewish Virtual Library on the Jews of Iraq
Babylonia at Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
Iraqi Jews in Israel: Two Iraqi Jewish Museums in Israel Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine. at WZO
A Story of Successful Absorption: Aliyah from Iraq Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine. at WZO
The Last Days in Babylon by Marina Benjamin Diarsipkan 2006-10-21 di Wayback Machine. The story of the Iraqi Jews told through the life of the author's grandmother
Aiding the Enemy Iraq's recent hatred for Jews makes it an odd place to celebrate Passover for American GIs, By T. Trent Gegax, Newsweek Web Exclusive, MSNBC
'It Is Now or Never', Iraqi Jews who were stripped of their citizenship and their homes over the past half century may finally get a chance to reclaim them, By Sarah Sennott, Newsweek, MSNBC

Film

2002 – Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection. Disutradarai oleh Samir.
2005 – Forgotten Refugees
2007 – Baghdad Twist Diarsipkan 2017-07-21 di Wayback Machine.. Disutradarai oleh Joe Balass.
2013 – Farewell Baghdad. Disutradarai oleh Nissim Dayan.
2014 – Shadow in Baghdad. Disutradarai oleh Duki Dror.

Templat:Topik Irak

[1] Ben-Yaacob, Abraham, et al. (2007). "Iraq." Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 10 (pp. 14-24). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 16. Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.

[2] ttp://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-73357609.html Diarsipkan 2012-11-04 di Wayback Machine. About 600,000 Iraqi Jews left the country after Israel was established.

[3] "Arab American Demographics". Arab American Institute. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2010-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-10.

[4] The Tower of Babel and Babylon, Gilgamesh, Ningizzida, Gudea

[Nahardea-5] "Nehardea Magazine". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2008-11-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-21.

[6] "Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?" Diarsipkan 2008-05-20 di Wayback Machine., Haaretz

[7] "Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon", BBC.

[UN1949NuriSaid1949-8] UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE ,A/AC.25/SR/G/9, 19 February 1949,MEETING BETWEEN THE CONCILIATION COMMISSION AND NURI ES SAID, PRIME MINISTER OF IRAQ, diakses tanggal 2013-10-15, It would also be necessary to put an end to the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. The Prime Minister referred to the increasing difficulty of assuring the protection of the Jews resident in Iraq, under the present circumstances. In answer to an observation by Mr. de Boisanger, who wondered whether Tel Aviv was interested in the fate of the Jews of Iraq, the Prime Minister explained that he was not thinking in terms of persecution; he did not wish the Commission to receive a false impression with regard to his personal sentiments towards the Jews. But if the Jews continued to show the bad faith that they had demonstrated until the present moment, events might take place. (The Prime Minister did not clarify this warning)

[Glitzenstein2004p205-9] Esther Meir-Glitzenstein (2 August 2004). Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s. Routledge. hlm. 205. ISBN 978-1-135-76862-1. in mid September 1950, Nuri al-Said replaced...as prime minister. Nuri was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as...

[AdelmanBarkan2013p365-10] Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. hlm. 365–. ISBN 978-0-231-52690-6. At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with the palestinian exodus...Nuri Said described a plan to expel Jews from Iraq ...head of Jordanian government

[AdelmanBarkan2013p237-11] Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation. Columbia University Press. hlm. 237–. ISBN 978-0-231-52690-6.

[Bashkin2012p277-12] Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. hlm. 277. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2.

[Bashkin2012p90-13] Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2. the general sentiment was chat if a man as well connected and powerful as Adas could he eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

l b s Demografi Irak
Agama	Islam Sunni Syiah Kekristenan Evangelikal Ortodoks Oriental Katolik Roma Yahudi
Kelompok etnis	Afro-Irak Arab Bedouin Arab Rawa-Rawa Armenia Asiria Sirkasia Persia Kurdi Feylis Roma (Gipsi) Shabak Solluba Turkmen Yazidi
Warga negara asing	Pakistan Palestina Sudan

l b s Sejarah Yahudi di Asia
Negara berdaulat	Afganistan Arab Saudi Armenia¹ Azerbaijan¹ Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Filipina Georgia¹ India Indonesia Irak Iran Israel Jepang Kamboja Kazakhstan³ Kirgizstan Korea Selatan Korea Utara Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maladewa Malaysia Mesir³ Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestina Qatar Rusia³ Singapura Siprus¹ Sri Lanka Suriah Tajikistan Thailand Timor Leste² Tiongkok Turki³ Turkmenistan Uni Emirat Arab Uzbekistan Vietnam Yaman Yordania
Negara dengan pengakuan terbatas	Abkhazia¹ Republik Artsakh¹ Ossetia Selatan¹ Siprus Utara¹ Republik Tiongkok
Dependensi dan wilayah lain	Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) Hong Kong Makau Pulau Natal Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania
¹ Terkadang dimasukkan ke Eropa, tergantung definisi perbatasan. ² Terkadang dimasukkan ke Oseania. ³ Negara lintas benua.

Basis data pengawasan otoritas
Internasional	FAST
Nasional	Amerika Serikat 2 Prancis Data BnF Spanyol Israel 2
Lain-lain	Yale LUX