Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Hindi dan Urdu

Halaman ini mengandung teks Indi. Tanpa dukungan perenderan yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya atau kotak, misplaced vowels atau missing conjuncts, bukan teks Indi.

Grafik di bawah ini menunjukkan cara Alfabet Fonetik Internasional (AFI) mewakili pengucapan berbahasa Hindi dan Urdu dalam artikel-artikel Wikipedia. Untuk panduan menambahkan karakter AFI ke dalam artikel-artikel Wikipedia, lihat {{IPA-hns}}, {{IPA-hi}}, {{IPA-ur}} dan Wikipedia:Gaya Manual/Pengucapan § Memasukkan karakter IPA.

Kunci

Konsonan
AFI^[1]	Hindi^[1]	ISO 15919 ^[1]	Urdu	Penyetaraan dengan Bahasa Inggris
b	ब	ba	ب	butter
bʱ	भ	bha	بھ	abhor
d^[2]	द	da	د	the
dʱ^[2]	ध	dha	دھ	within (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
dʒ	ज	ja	ج	jazz
dʒʱ	झ	jha	جھ	hedgehog (strong jhh sound)
ɖ^[2]	ड	ḍa	ڈ	gourd
ɖʱ^[2]	ढ	ḍha	ڈھ	adhere
f	फ़	fa	ف	food
ɡ	ग	ga	گ	green
ɡʱ	घ	gha	گھ	big headed
ɣ	ग़	ġa	غ	similar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi).
ɦ	ह	ha	ح	head
j	य	ya	ی	yak
k	क	ka	ک	sky
kʰ	ख	kha	کھ	car
l	ल	la	ل	leaf
m	म	ma	م	much
n	न	na	ن	not
ɳ	ण	ṇa	ن	burn (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ɲ	ञ	ña	نیْا	roughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ŋ	ङ	ṅa	ن	bank
p	प	pa	پ	sport
pʰ	फ	pha	پھ	pencil
q	क़	qa	ق	quail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi)
ɾ	र	ra	ر	American butter (r may be trilled^[3])
r	र	ra	ر	American butter (r may be trilled^[3])
ɽ	ड़	ṛa	ڑ	garter (GA)
ɽʱ	ढ़	ṛha	ڑھ	as [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead
s	स	sa	ث، س، ص	sue
ʂ	ष	ṣa	ش/س	shrimp (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)).
ʃ	श	śa	ش	shoe
t^[2]	त	ta	ت، ط	still
tʰ^[2]	थ	tha	تھ	tip
tʃ	च	ca	چ	catch
tʃʰ	छ	cha	چھ	choose
ʈ^[2]	ट	ṭa	ٹ	carts
ʈʰ^[2]	ठ	ṭha	ٹھ	trip
ʋ^[4]	व	va	و	varies between w and v
x	ख़	k͟ha	خ	Scottish Loch (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi)
z	ज़	za	ذ، ز، ض، ظ	zen
ʒ	श़	zha	ژ	pleasure

Vokal
AFI	Hindi	ISO 15919	Urdu	Penyetaraan dengan Bahasa Inggris
aː	आ, पा	ā	آ, بَا	far
eː	ए, पे	ē	اے، بے	Yale
ɛː	ऐ, पै	ai	اَے، بَے	hen
ə^[5]	अ, प	a	اَ، بَ	strut
iː^[6]	ई, पी	ī	اِی، بِی	feed
ɪ^[6]	इ, पि	i	اِ، بِ	dill
oː	ओ, पो	ō	او، بو	story
ɔː	औ, पौ	au	اَو، بَو	dog
uː^[6]	ऊ, पू	ū	اُو، بُو	moon
ʊ^[6]	उ, पु	u	اُ، بُ	wood
rɪ	ऋ, पृ	r̥	ری، پر	(mostly Hindi, Urdu uses [r] (ر)).
◌̃	ँ	m̐	ـں	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Hindi	ISO 15919	Urdu	Approximate English equivalent
ˈ◌				stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː				doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)

Catatan

1 2 3 In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t tʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d dʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t d] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [tʰ dʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
↑ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r], mostly as an allophone in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill, e.g. zarā [zəɾaː] (ज़रा – ذرا 'little') versus well-trilled zarrā [zəraː] (ज़र्रा – ذرّہ 'particle').
↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.

[inherentv-1] 1 2 3 In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.

[coronal-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t tʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d dʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t d] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [tʰ dʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).

[3] /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r], mostly as an allophone in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill, e.g. zarā [zəɾaː] (ज़रा – ذرا 'little') versus well-trilled zarrā [zəraː] (ज़र्रा – ذرّہ 'particle').

[vwallophone-4] [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].

[5] /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.

[V-6] 1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.

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