Viola (tumbuhan)

viola
	Viola canina
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Plantae
Klad:	Tracheophyta
Klad:	Angiospermae
Klad:	Eudikotil
Klad:	Rosidae
Ordo:	Malpighiales
Famili:	Violaceae
Subfamili:	Violoideae
Tribus:	Violeae
Genus:	Viola; L.
Spesies
	Lihat teks

Viola atau dikenal secara lokal sebagai sukma,^[2] antanan kembang, atau cecalung (bahasa Inggris : violet, pansy) adalah genus tumbuhan berbunga terbesar dalam famili Violaceae, yang berisi sekitar 525-600 spesies tumbuhan. Sebagian besar spesies ditemukan di Belahan Bumi Utara yang beriklim sedang, tetapi beberapa juga ditemukan di daerah seperti Hawaii, Australasia, dan Andes. Beberapa spesiesnya merupakan tanaman tahunan, beberapa tanaman tahunan, dan beberapa semak kecil. Banyak spesies, varietas, dan kultivarnya yang ditanam di taman sebagai tanaman hias. Salah satu bunga sukma yang ada di Indonesia adalah sukma sumatra atau Viola sumatranensis.

Bunga sukma ada yang merupakan tumbuhan menahun , ada pula yang merupakan tumbuhan semusim , dan ada pula yang berupa perdu kecil. Banyak spesies, varietas dan kultivar ditanam di taman untuk dijadikan bunga hias. Dalam hortikultura, istilah bunga sukma biasanya digunakan untuk kultivar beraneka warna dan berbunga besar yang ditanam setiap tahun atau dua tahun sekali dari biji dan digunakan secara luas sebagai bibit bunga.

Daftar spesies

^[3]^[4] Ini adalah daftar spesies dalam genus tanaman Viola, sering dikenal sebagai violet (tumbuhan) atau banci.

Viola (tumbuhan) merupakan genus terbesar dalam famili Violaceae, yang terdiri dari lebih dari 680 spesies.^[5]

Meskipun diberi nama yang mirip, baik African violet maupun dogtooth violet tidak berkerabat dekat dengan bunga violet yang sebenarnya.

A

Viola abbreviata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola × aberrans (Greene ex W.Stone) House
Viola abulensis Fern.Casado & Nava
Viola × abundans House
Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv.
Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche
Viola accrescens Klokov
Viola acrocerauniensis Erben
Viola acuminata Ledeb. – acuminate violet
Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker
Viola adenothrix Hayata
Viola × adulterina Godr.
Viola adunca Sm. – hookedspur violet, western dog violet
Viola aduncoides Á.Löve & D.Löve
Viola aethnensis (DC.) Strobl
Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola affinis Leconte – sand violet
Viola aizoon Reiche
Viola alaica Vved.
Viola alba Besser – white violet
Viola albanica Halácsy
Viola albida Palib.
Viola × albimaritima Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × albovii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola alburnica Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz.
Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov
Viola allchariensis Beck – alšar violet
Viola alliariifolia Nakai
Viola allochroa Botsch.
Viola alpina Jacq.
Viola altaica Ker Gawl.
Viola amamiana Hatus.
Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit.
Viola amiatina Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola amurica W.Becker
Viola anagae Gilli
Viola × angelliae Pollard
Viola angkae Craib
Viola angustifolia Phil.
Viola anitae J.M.Watson
Viola annamensis Baker f.
Viola appalachiensis L.K.Henry – Appalachian violet
Viola araucaniae W.Becker
Viola arborescens L.
Viola argentina W.Becker
Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
Viola arsenica Beck
Viola arvensis Murray – field pansy, European field pansy
Viola athois W.Becker
Viola atropurpurea Leyb.
Viola aurantiaca Leyb.
Viola aurata Phil.
Viola auricolor Skottsb.
Viola auricula Leyb.
Viola austrosinensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola × awagatakensis T.Yamaz., I.Ito & Ageishi

B

Viola × bachtschisaraensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola bakeri Greene – Baker's violet
Viola balansae Gagnep.
Viola balcanica Delip.
Viola bangii Rusby
Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober – Banks' violet
Viola baoshanensis W.S.Shu, W.Liu & C.Y.Lan
Viola barhalensis G.Knoche & Marcussen
Viola barkalovii Bezd.
Viola barroetana W.Schaffn. ex Hemsl.
Viola × bavarica Schrank
Viola baxteri House
Viola beamanii Calderón
Viola beati J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola beckeriana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola beckiana Fiala ex Beck
Viola beckwithii Torr. & A.Gray – Beckwith's violet, Great Basin violet
Viola belophylla Boissieu
Viola bertolonii Pio
Viola betonicifolia Sm. – showy violet, mountain violet
Viola bezdelevae Vorosch.
Viola bhutanica H.Hara
Viola biflora L. – yellow wood violet, twoflower violet, arctic yellow violet
Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda
Viola × bissellii House – Bissell's violet
Viola bissetii Maxim.
Viola blanda Willd. – sweet white violet, Willdenow's violet
Viola blandiformis Nakai
Viola × blaxlandiae J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola bocquetiana Yıld.
Viola boissieuana Makino
Viola boliviana Britton
Viola brachyceras Turcz.
Viola brachypetala Gay
Viola brachyphylla W.Becker
Viola × braunii Borbás – Braun's violet
Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M.Kim
Viola brevistipulata (Franch. & Sav.) W.Becker – short stipule violet
Viola bridgesii Britton
Viola brittoniana Pollard – northern coastal violet, coast violet
Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr.
Viola bulbosa Maxim.
Viola × burnatii Gremli
Viola bustillosia Gay

C

Viola × caesariensis House
Viola calabra (A.Terracc.) Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola calcarata L.
Viola calchaquiensis W.Becker
Viola calcicola R.A.McCauley & H.E.Ballard
Viola caleyana G.Don
Viola cameleo H.Boissieu
Viola canadensis L. – Canadian white violet, Canada violet
Viola canescens Wall.
Viola canina L. – dog violet, European heath dog violet
Viola capillaris Pers.
Viola caspia (Rupr.) Freyn
Viola cassinensis Strobl
Viola caucasica Kolen. ex Rupr.
Viola cavillieri W.Becker
Viola cazorlensis Gand.
Viola cenisia L.
Viola cephalonica Bornm.
Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil.
Viola cervatiana Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola × cestrica House
Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W.Becker
Viola chalcosperma Brainerd
Viola chamaedrys Leyb.
Viola chamissoniana Ging. – olopu
Viola × champlainensis House
Viola changii J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
Viola charlestonensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen – Charleston mountain violet
Viola chassanica Kork.
Viola cheeseana J.M.Watson
Viola cheiranthifolia Bonpl. – Teide violet
Viola chejuensis Y.N.Lee & Y.C.Oh – China violet
Viola chelmea Boiss.
Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker
Viola × chrysantha Schrad. ex Rchb.
Viola cilentana Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola cilicica Contandr. & Quézel
Viola cinerea Boiss.
Viola clauseniana M.S.Baker
Viola cleistogamoides (L.G.Adams) Seppelt
Viola cochranei H.E.Ballard
Viola collina Besser – hill violet
Viola × columbiana House
Viola columnaris Skottsb.
Viola comberi W.Becker
Viola commersonii DC. ex Ging.
Viola communis Pollard
Viola comollia Massara
Viola concordifolia C.J.Wang
Viola confertifolia C.C.Chang
Viola congesta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
Viola × conjugens Greene
Viola × consobrina House
Viola × consocia House
Viola × consona House
Viola × contempta Jord.
Viola × conturbata House
Viola × convicta House
Viola × cooperrideri H.E.Ballard
Viola × cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein.
Viola cornuta L. – horned pansy, horned violet, Johnny-jump-up, bedding pansy
Viola coronifera W.Becker
Viola corralensis Phil.
Viola corsica Nyman
Viola cotyledon Ging.
Viola crassa Makino
Viola crassifolia Fenzl
Viola crassiuscula Bory
Viola × crassula Greene
Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández
Viola cucullata Aiton – marsh blue violet
Viola cuicochensis Hieron.
Viola culminis F.Fen. & Moraldo
Viola cuneata S.Watson – wedgeleaf violet
Viola cunninghamii Hook.f.
Viola curtisiae (L.G.Adams) K.R.Thiele
Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker
Viola czemalensis Zuev

D

Viola dacica Borbás
Viola dactyloides Schult.
Viola dalatensis Gagnep.
Viola dandoisiorum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola danielae Pînzaru
Viola dasyphylla W.Becker
Viola davidii Franch.
Viola × davisii House – Davis' violet
Viola decipiens Reiche
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
Viola decumbens L.f.
Viola dehnhardtii Ten.
Viola delavayi Franch.
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.
Viola denizliensis O.D.Düșen, Göktürk, U.Sarpkaya & B.Gürcan
Viola diamantiaca Nakai
Viola dichroa Boiss.
Viola diffusa Ging. – spreading violet
Viola × dimissa House
Viola dimorphophylla Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola dirimliensis Blaxland
Viola dirphya Tiniakou
Viola × discors House
Viola disjuncta W.Becker
Viola dissecta Ledeb.
Viola × dissena House
Viola × dissita House
Viola diversifolia (DC.) W.Becker
Viola doerfleri Degen
Viola × doii Taken.
Viola dombeyana DC. ex Ging.
Viola domeikoana Gay
Viola domestica E.P.Bicknell
Viola douglasii Steud. – Douglas' golden violet
Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli
Viola duclouxii W.Becker
Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Košanin
Viola dyris Maire

E

Viola × eamesii House – Eames' violet
Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard
Viola ecuadorensis W.Becker
Viola edulis Spach
Viola × egglestoniana House
Viola egglestonii Brainerd – glade violet
Viola × egregia House
Viola eizanensis (Makino) Makino
Viola × eizasieboldii Sugim. ex T.Shimizu
Viola elatior Fr.
Viola elegantula Schott
Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte
Viola eminens K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola eminii (Engl.) R.E.Fr.
Viola enmae P.Gonzáles
Viola epipsila Ledeb. – dwarf marsh violet, large marsh violet
Viola epirota (Halácsy) Raus
Viola eriocarpa Schwein.
Viola ermenekensis Yıld. & Dinç
Viola × erratica House
Viola erythraea (Fiori) Chiov.
Viola escarapela J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola escondidaensis W.Becker
Viola etrusca Erben
Viola euboea (Halácsy) Halácsy
Viola eugeniae Parl.
Viola evae Hieron. ex W.Becker
Viola × excerpta House
Viola eximia Formánek
Viola exsul J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores

F

Viola falconeri Hook.f. & Thomson
Viola × fallacissima Greene
Viola farkasiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola faurieana W.Becker
Viola × fennica F.Nyl.
Viola ferdinandea Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola × fernaldii House
Viola ferrarinii Moraldo & Ricceri
Viola ferreyrae P.Gonzáles
Viola × festata House
Viola filicaulis Hook.f.
Viola × filicetorum Greene
Viola fimbriatula Sm. – fringed violet
Viola fischeri W.Becker
Viola flagelliformis Hemsl.
Viola flavicans Wedd.
Viola flettii Piper – Olympic violet, rock violet
Viola floridana Brainerd
Viola flos-idae Hieron.
Viola fluehmannii Phil.
Viola formosana Hayata
Viola forrestiana W.Becker
Viola fragrans Sieber
Viola frank-smithii N.H.Holmgren – Frank-Smith's violet
Viola friderici W.Becker
Viola frigida Phil.
Viola frondosa (Velen.) Velen.
Viola frusinatae Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola fruticosa W.Becker
Viola × fujisanensis S.Watan.
Viola fuscifolia W.Becker
Viola fuscoviolacea (L.G.Adams) T.A.James

G

Viola galeanaensis M.S.Baker
Viola × ganeschinii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ganiatsasii Erben
Viola gaviolii Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola gelida J.M.Watson, M.P.Cárdenas & A.R.Flores
Viola germainii Sparre
Viola glabella Nutt.
Viola glaberrima (Ging. ex Chapm.) House
Viola glandularis H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg.
Viola glechomoides Leyb.
Viola gmeliniana Schult.
Viola godoyae Phil.
Viola × gotlandica W.Becker
Viola gracilis Sm.
Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil.
Viola graeca (W.Becker) Halácsy
Viola grahamii Benth.
Viola × grandis Greene
Viola grandisepala W.Becker
Viola granulosa Wedd.
Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.
Viola × greatrexii Nakai & F.Maek.
Viola × greenei House
Viola × greenmanii House
Viola grisebachiana Vis.
Viola × grubovii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola grypoceras A.Gray
Viola guadalupensis A.M.Powell & Wauer – Guadalupe violet
Viola guangzhouensis A.Q.Dong, J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
Viola guatemalensis W.Becker
Viola guaxarensis M.Marrero, Docoito Díaz & Martín Esquivel

H

Viola × halacsyana Degen & Dörfl.
Viola hallii A.Gray – Oregon violet
Viola hamiltoniana D.Don
Viola hancockii W.Becker
Viola hastata Michx. - halberd-leaf yellow violet
Viola × haynaldii Wiesb.
Viola hederacea Labill. – Australian violet, trailing violet
Viola hediniana W.Becker
Viola heldreichiana Boiss.
Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate – Wahiawa stream violet
Viola hemsleyana Calderón
Viola henriquesii (Willk. ex Cout.) W.Becker
Viola henryi H.Boissieu
Viola herzogii (W.Becker) Bornm. – Herzog violet
Viola × heterocarpa Borbás
Viola hieronymi W.Becker
Viola hillii W.Becker
Viola hirsutula Brainerd – southern woodland violet
Viola hirta L. – hairy violet
Viola × hirtiformis Wiesb.
Viola hirtipes S.Moore
Viola hispida Lam. – Rouen pansy
Viola hissarica Juz.
Viola × hollickii House – Hollick's violet
Viola × holmiana House
Viola hondoensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu
Viola hookeri Thomson
Viola hookeriana Kunth
Viola howellii A.Gray – Howell's violet
Viola huesoensis Martic.
Viola huidobrii Gay
Viola huizhouensis Y.S.Huang & Q.Fan
Viola hultenii W.Becker
Viola humilis Kunth
Viola × hungarica Degen & Sabr.
Viola hybanthoides W.B.Liao & Q.Fan
Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola × hyrcanica Vl.V.Nikitin

I

Viola × ibukiana Makino
Viola × igoschinae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola ilvensis (W.Becker) Arrigoni
Viola imbricata K.Menegoz & J.L.Celis-Diez
Viola improcera L.G.Adams
Viola incisa Turcz.
Viola × incissecta Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola incognita Brainerd – large-leaved white violet
Viola inconspicua Blume
Viola indica W.Becker
Viola × indivisa Greene
Viola ingolensis Elisafenko
Viola × insessa House
Viola × insolita House
Viola × interjecta Borbás
Viola × intersita Beck
Viola ircutiana Turcz.
Viola irinae Zolot.
Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quézel
Viola × iselensis W.Becker
Viola isopetala Juz.
Viola ivonis Erben
Viola iwagawae Makino

J

Viola × jagellonica Zapał.
Viola jalapaensis W.Becker
Viola jangiensis W.Becker
Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging. – Japanese violet
Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin.
Viola javanica W.Becker
Viola jeniseensis Zuev
Viola × jindoensis M.Kim
Viola jinggangshanensis Z.L.Ning & J.P.Liao
Viola jizushanensis S.H.Huang
Viola × joannis-wagneri Kárpáti
Viola joergensenii W.Becker
Viola johnstonii W.Becker
Viola jooi Janka – Carpathian violet, Transylvanian violet
Viola jordanii Hanry
Viola × josephii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola × juzepczukii Vl.V.Nikitin

K

Viola kamtschadalorum W.Becker & Hultén
Viola × karakulensis Vl.V.Nikitin & O.Baranova
Viola kauaensis A.Gray – pohe hiwa
Viola keiskei Miq.
Viola kermesina W.Becker
Viola × kerneri Wiesb.
Viola × kisoana Nakai
Viola kitaibeliana Schult. – dwarf pansy
Viola kitamiana Nakai
Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yıld.
Viola kjellbergii Melch.
Viola × klingeana Ronniger
Viola kopaonikensis Pančić ex Tomović & Niketić
Viola kosanensis Hayata
Viola kosaninii (Degen) Hayek – Košanin violet
Viola kouliana Bhellum & Magotra
Viola × kozo-poljanskii Grosset
Viola × krascheninnikoviorum Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola kunawarensis Royle
Viola kusanoana Makino
Viola kusnezowiana W.Becker

L

Viola labradorica Schrank – alpine violet, Labrador violet
Viola × lacmonica Hausskn.
Viola lactea Sm. – pale dog violet
Viola lactiflora Nakai
Viola lainzii P.Monts.
Viola lanaiensis W.Becker – Hawaii violet
Viola lanceolata L. – bog white violet
Viola langeana Valentine
Viola langloisii Greene
Viola langsdorffii Fisch. ex Ging. – Aleutian violet, Alaska violet
Viola lanifera W.Becker
Viola laricicola Marcussen
Viola latistipula Hemsl.
Viola latiuscula Greene
Viola × lavandulacea E.P.Bicknell
Viola lehmannii W.Becker
Viola leyboldiana Phil.
Viola libanotica Boiss.
Viola lilliputana Iltis & H.E.Ballard – Lilliputian violet
Viola lilloana W.Becker
Viola limbarae (Merxm. & W.Lippert) Arrigoni
Viola lithion N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren – rock violet
Viola × litoralis Spreng.
Viola livonica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola llullaillacoensis W.Becker
Viola lobata Benth. – moosehorn violet, yellow wood violet, pine violet
Viola lologensis (W.Becker) J.M.Watson
Viola longibracteolata P.Gonzáles, Ed.Navarro & J.M.Watson
Viola longipetiolata Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola lovelliana Brainerd
Viola lucens W.Becker
Viola × luciae Skottsb. – Lucy's violet
Viola lungtungensis S.S.Ying
Viola lutea Huds. – mountain pansy
Viola × lutzii E.G.Camus
Viola lyallii Hook.f. – New Zealand native violet, haaka

M

Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd – small white violet, western sweet white violet
Viola macroceras Bunge
Viola maculata Cav.
Viola magellanica G.Forst.
Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl
Viola magnifica C.J.Wang & X.D.Wang
Viola majchurensis Pissjauk.
Viola × malteana House
Viola mandonii W.Becker
Viola mandshurica W.Becker – Fuji dawn
Viola maoershanensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola marcelaferreyrae Nicola, J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola marcelorosasii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola × markgrafii W.Becker
Viola maroccana (Maire) Maire
Viola × marylandica House
Viola × matczkasensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola matronae Stepanov
Viola mauritii Tepl.
Viola maviensis H.Mann – Hawaii bog violet
Viola maximowicziana Makino
Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson
Viola mearnsii Merr.
Viola × melissifolia Greene
Viola membranacea W.Becker
Viola × menitzkii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy
Viola merrilliana W.Becker
Viola merxmuelleri Erben
Viola mesadensis W.Becker
Viola miaolingensis Y.S.Chen
Viola micranthella Wedd.
Viola microcentra W.Becker
Viola microphylla Phil.
Viola milanae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × militaris Savouré
Viola minuscula Greene
Viola minuta M.Bieb.
Viola minutiflora Phil.
Viola mirabilis L. – wonder violet
Viola missouriensis Greene – Missouri violet, banded violet
Viola × mistura House
Viola × mixta A.Kern.
Viola modesta Fenzl
Viola × modica House
Viola molisana Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola × mollicula House
Viola mongolica Franch.
Viola montagnei Gay
Viola montcaunica Pau
Viola × montivaga House
Viola moupinensis Franch.
Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.
Viola muehldorfii Kiss
Viola × mulfordiae Pollard – Mulford's violet
Viola muliensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola munbyana Boiss. & Reut.
Viola murronensis Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola muscoides Phil.

N

Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata
Viola × najadum Wein
Viola nana (DC. ex Ging.) Le Jol.
Viola nanlingensis J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing
Viola nannae R.E.Fr.
Viola nannei Pol.
Viola nassauvioides Phil.
Viola nebrodensis C.Presl
Viola × neglectiformis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola nemoralis Kütz.
Viola nephrophylla Greene – northern bog violet
Viola × nephrophylloides Farw.
Viola niederleinii W.Becker
Viola × nikitinii Vasjukov
Viola nitida Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang
Viola nobilis W.Becker
Viola × notabilis E.P.Bicknell
Viola novae-angliae House – New England blue violet
Viola nubigena Leyb.
Viola nuda W.Becker
Viola nujiangensis Y.S.Chen & X.H.Jin
Viola nummulariifolia Vill.
Viola nuttallii Pursh – Nuttall's violet, yellow prairie violet

O

Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes – Oahu violet
Viola obituaria J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola oblonga Blatt.
Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino – blunt violet
Viola × obtusoacuminata T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu
Viola × obtusogrypoceras Makino
Viola occulta Lehm.
Viola ocellata Torr. & A.Gray – pinto violet, two-eyed violet
Viola odontocalycina Boiss.
Viola odorata L. – sweet violet
Viola × ogawae Nakai
Viola × okuharae F.Maek. ex T.Shimizu
Viola × olimpia Beggiat.
Viola orbelica Pančić
Viola orbiculata (A.Gray) Geyer ex B.D.Jacks. – darkwoods violet, western round-leaved violet
Viola oreades M.Bieb.
Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker
Viola ornata P.Gonzáles, Montesinos & J.M.Watson
Viola orphanidis Boiss.
Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
Viola ovalleana Phil.
Viola ovato-oblonga (Miq.) Makino
Viola oxyodontis H.E.Ballard

P

Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & Hohen.
Viola pachysoma M.Sheader & J.M.Watson
Viola pacifica Juz.
Viola painteri Rose & House
Viola palatina Y.N.Lee
Viola pallascaensis W.Becker
Viola palmata L. – crowfoot violet, early blue violet, palmate violet (edible leaves and flowers)^[6]
Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel.) Sauer
Viola palustris L. – marsh violet, alpine marsh violet
Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle
Viola paradoxa Lowe
Viola × parca House
Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas & Vold
Viola parvula Tineo
Viola patrinii Ging. – stemless violet
Viola × peckiana House – Peck's violet
Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell
Viola pedata L. – birdfoot violet, crowfoot violet
Viola pedatifida G.Don – prairie violet, prairie birdfoot violet
Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray – California golden violet, grass pansy, yellow pansy
Viola pekinensis (Regel) W.Becker
Viola pendulicarpa W.Becker
Viola pentadactyla Fenzl
Viola perinensis W.Becker
Viola × perplexa Gremli
Viola perpusilla Boissieu
Viola perreniformis (L.G.Adams) R.J.Little & Leiper
Viola petraea W.Becker
Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.
Viola philippiana Greene
Viola philippica Cav.
Viola phitosiana Erben
Viola pilosa Blume
Viola pilushanensis S.S.Ying
Viola pinetorum Greene – goosefoot violet
Viola pinnata L. – pinnate violet
Viola pitouchaoensis S.S.Ying
Viola placida W.Becker
Viola × pluricaulis Borbás
Viola pluviae Marcussen, H.E.Ballard & Blaxland
Viola × poelliana Murr
Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner
Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg.
Viola polypoda Turcz.
Viola × polysecta Nakai
Viola × popovae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × populifolia Greene
Viola × porphyrea R.Uechtr.
Viola portalesia Gay
Viola × porteriana Pollard – Porter's violet
Viola portulacea Leyb.
Viola praemorsa Douglas – canary violet
Viola pratincola Greene
Viola primulifolia L. – primrose-leaf violet
Viola principis Boissieu
Viola prionantha Bunge
Viola producta W.Becker
Viola pseudaetolica Tomović, Melovski & Niketić
Viola pseudograeca Erben
Viola × pseudomakinoi M.Mizush. ex T.Shimizu
Viola pubescens Aiton – downy yellow violet
Viola pubipetala S.S.Ying
Viola pulvinata Reiche
Viola pumila Chaix – meadow violet
Viola purpurea Kellogg – goosefoot violet
Viola pusilla Poepp.
Viola pusillima Wedd.
Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
Viola × pynzarii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.

Q

Viola quercetorum M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen

R

Viola raddeana Regel
Viola rafinesquei Greene – field pansy
Viola ramiflora K.O.Yoo
Viola ramosiana W.Becker
Viola rauliniana Erben
Viola × raunsiensis W.Becker & Košanin
Viola rausii Erben
Viola × ravida House
Viola × redacta House
Viola regina J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola reichei Skottsb. ex Macloskie – Reiche violet, Patagonian yellow violet, Chilean yellow violet
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau – early dog violet, slender wood violet
Viola renifolia A.Gray – northern white violet, kidney-leaved white violet
Viola replicata W.Becker
Viola × reschetnikovae Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola retusa Greene
Viola rheophila Okamoto
Viola rhodopeia W.Becker
Viola rhombifolia Leyb.
Viola × ritschliana W.Becker
Viola riviniana Rchb. – common dog violet
Viola × robinsoniana House
Viola roccabrunensis Espeut
Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
Viola roigii Rossow
Viola rosacea Brainerd
Viola rossii Hemsl.
Viola rossowiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola rostrata Muhl. ex Pursh – longspur violet
Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl.
Viola rotundifolia Michx. – eastern roundleaf yellow violet, early yellow violet
Viola rubella Cav.
Viola rubromarginata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola rudolfii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola rudolphii Sparre
Viola rugosa Phil. ex W.Becker
Viola rugulosa Greene
Viola × rupestriformis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt – Teesdale violet, rock violet
Viola rupicola Elmer
Viola × ryoniae House – Ryon's violet

S

Viola saccata Melch.
Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu
Viola sacculus Skottsb.
Viola sagittata Aiton – arrowleaf violet
Viola samothracica (Degen) Raus
Viola sandaiojiaoensis S.S.Ying
Viola sandrasea Melch.
Viola santiagonensis W.Becker
Viola × savatieri Makino
Viola saxifraga Maire
Viola × scabra F.Braun
Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
Viola schachimardanica Khalk.
Viola schariensis Erben – Šar mountain violet
Viola × schauloi Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola scopulorum (A.Gray) Greene
Viola scorpiuroides Coss.
Viola seleriana W.Becker
Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie – northern violet, Selkirk's violet
Viola sempervirens Greene – evergreen violet, redwood violet
Viola sempervivum Gay
Viola × semseyana Borbás
Viola senzanensis Hayata
Viola septemloba Leconte – southern coastal violet
Viola septentrionalis Greene – northern woodland violet, northern blue violet
Viola sequeirae Capelo, R.Jardim, J.C.Costa, Lousã & Rivas Mart.
Viola × sermenika Formánek
Viola serpentinicola de Salas
Viola serresiana Erben
Viola sfikasiana Erben
Viola shaoyoukengensis S.S.Ying
Viola sheltonii Torr. – Shelton's violet
Viola shikokiana Makino
Viola shinchikuensis Yamam.
Viola shiweii Xiao C.Li & Zheng W.Wang
Viola sieberiana Spreng.
Viola sieboldii Maxim.
Viola sieheana W.Becker
Viola sikkimensis W.Becker
Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola singularis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola sintenisii W.Becker
Viola sirinica Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola × skofitziana Wiesb.
Viola skottsbergiana W.Becker
Viola × slavinii House – Slavin's violet
Viola somchetica K.Koch
Viola sororia Willd. – woolly blue violet
Viola spathulata Willd. ex Schult.
Viola speciosa Pant.
Viola spegazzinii W.Becker
Viola sphaerocarpa W.Becker
Viola stagnina Kit. ex Schult.
Viola steinbachii W.Becker
Viola stewardiana W.Becker
Viola stipularis Sw.
Viola stocksii Boiss.
Viola stojanowii W.Becker
Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
Viola stoneana House
Viola striata Aiton – striped violet, striped cream violet, pale violet
Viola striatella H.Boissieu
Viola striis-notata (J.Wagner) Merxm. & W.Lippert
Viola stuebelii Hieron.
Viola suavis M.Bieb. – Russian violet
Viola subandina J.M.Watson
Viola subasica (Fiori) Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola subatlantica (Maire) Ibn Tattou
Viola subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Viola × sublanceolata House
Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene – wavy-leaf violet
Viola suecica Fr.
Viola × sukaczewii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola sumatrana Miq.
Viola szetschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu

T

Viola taltalensis W.Becker
Viola tanaitica Grosset
Viola × taradakensis Nakai
Viola tarbagataica Klokov
Viola tashiroi Makino
Viola tatjanae Stepanov
Viola tectiflora W.Becker
Viola tenuipes Pollard
Viola tenuissima C.C.Chang
Viola teplouchovii Juz.
Viola teshioensis Miyabe & Tatew.
Viola thasia W.Becker
Viola thianschanica Maxim.
Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav.
Viola thomasiana Songeon & E.P.Perrier
Viola thomsonii Oudem.
Viola thymifolia Britton
Viola tienschiensis W.Becker
Viola × tigirekica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola tineorum Erben & Raimondo
Viola tokubuchiana Makino
Viola tomentosa M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen – feltleaf violet
Viola × torslundensis W.Becker
Viola tovarii P.Gonzáles & Molina-Alor
Viola triangulifolia W.Becker
Viola trichopetala C.C.Chang
Viola trichosepala (W.Becker) Juz.
Viola tricolor L. – wild pansy, heart's-ease, Johnny-jump-up
Viola tridentata Sm.
Viola triflabellata W.Becker
Viola trinervata (Howell) Howell ex A.Gray – Rainier violet, sagebrush violet
Viola tripartita Elliott – threepart violet
Viola trochlearis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola truncata Meyen
Viola tucumanensis W.Becker
Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh.
Viola turritella J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola × tuvinica Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × tzvelevii Vl.V.Nikitin

U

Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo
Viola × uechtritziana Borbás
Viola uliginosa Besser – swamp violet
Viola umbraticola Kunth – Ponderosa violet
Viola umphangensis S.Nansai, Srisanga & Suwanph.
Viola uniflora L.
Viola uniquissima J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola unwinii W.Becker
Viola urophylla Franch.
Viola utahensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen – Utah violet
Viola utchinensis Koidz.

V

Viola vadimii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola vaginata Maxim. – sheathed violet
Viola valderia All.
Viola vallenarensis W.Becker
Viola vallicola A.Nelson – valley violet
Viola vanroyenii H.St.John
Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link
Viola vectoris Ricceri & Moraldo
Viola velutina Formánek
Viola × venustula Greene
Viola × vermontana House
Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden
Viola viarum Pollard – twoflower violet, plains violet, wayside violet
Viola × viatkensis Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × villaquensis Benz
Viola villosa Walter – Carolina violet, hairy violet, wrinkled violet
Viola × vilnaensis W.Becker
Viola × vindobonensis Wiesb.
Viola violacea Makino
Viola vittata Greene
Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
Viola voliotisii Erben
Viola vorobievii Bezd.
Viola vourinensis Erben
Viola vulturis Ricceri & Moraldo

W

Viola wailenalenae (Rock) Skottsb. – Alakai swamp violet
Viola wallichiana Ging.
Viola walteri House – prostrate blue violet, prostrate southern violet
Viola wansanensis Y.N.Lee
Viola weberbaueri W.Becker
Viola websteri Hemsl.
Viola weibelii J.F.Macbr.
Viola × wilczekiana Beauverd
Viola × wilhelmii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola × wilibaldii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola willkommii R.Roem. ex Willk.
Viola woosanensis Y.N.Lee & J.Kim
Viola woroschilovii Bezd.
Viola × wujekii H.E.Ballard
Viola wulinfarmensis S.S.Ying
Viola wulingensis S.S.Ying

X

Viola xanthopotamica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores
Viola xibaoensis S.S.Ying

Y

Viola yazawana Makino
Viola yezoensis Maxim.
Viola yildirimlii Dinç & Bağcı
Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu
Viola yunnanfuensis W.Becker
Viola × yurii Vl.V.Nikitin
Viola yuzufelensis A.P.Khokhr.

Z

Viola × zophodes K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola × zwienenii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores

Spesies hibrida

Referensi

↑ Linnaeus 1753.
↑ "Keanekaragaman tumbuhan obat di dataran tinggi dieng".
↑ Ning, Z. L., et al. (2012). Viola jinggangshanensis (Violaceae), a new species from Jiangxi, China. Annales Botanici Fennici 49(5) 383-86.
↑ Zhou, J. S., et al. (2008). Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China. Annales Botanici Fennici 45(3) 233-36.
↑ "Viola L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-09-27.
↑ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. hlm. 116. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.

[FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753-1] Linnaeus 1753.

[2] "Keanekaragaman tumbuhan obat di dataran tinggi dieng".

[ning-3] Ning, Z. L., et al. (2012). Viola jinggangshanensis (Violaceae), a new species from Jiangxi, China. Annales Botanici Fennici 49(5) 383-86.

[zhou-4] Zhou, J. S., et al. (2008). Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China. Annales Botanici Fennici 45(3) 233-36.

[5] "Viola L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-09-27.

[6] Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. hlm. 116. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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