Tungau Varroa

Tungau Varroa
	Varroa destructor adult female in dorsal (top) and ventral (lower) views
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Subfilum:	Chelicerata
Kelas:	Arachnida
Ordo:	Mesostigmata
Famili:	Varroidae
Genus:	Varroa
Spesies:	V. destructor
Nama binomial
	Varroa destructor; Anderson & Trueman, 2000

Tungau Varroa (bahasa Inggris: Varroa destructor) adalah tungau parasit eksternal yang menyerang dan memakan lebah madu dan merupakan salah satu hama lebah madu yang paling merusak di dunia.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Sebuah infestasi tungau signifikan akan mengarah ke kematian koloni lebah madu, biasanya pada akhir musim gugur sampai awal musim semi. Tanpa pengelolaan tungau, koloni lebah madu biasanya runtuh dalam waktu 2 sampai 3 tahun pada iklim sedang.^[7] Tungau ini dapat menyerang lebah madu barat (Apis mellifera) dan lebah madu asia (Apis cerana). Karena ciri fisiknya yang mirip, sebelum tahun 2000, spesies ini dianggap sama dengan Varroa jacobsoni yang berkerabat dekat, namun dikenal sebagai spesiesnya sendiri setalah dilakukan analisis DNA.

Referensi

^ Anderson, D.L.; Trueman, J.W.H. (2000). ""Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species"". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 24 (3): 165–189. doi:10.1023/A:1006456720416.
^ Zakar, E.; Jávor, A.; Kusza, Sz. (August 2014). "Genetic bases of tolerance to Varroa destructor in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)". Insectes Sociaux. 61 (3): 207–215. doi:10.1007/s00040-014-0347-5. S2CID 253641352.
^ Onstad, David, ed. (2008). Insect resistance management: biology, economics and prediction (Edisi 1.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Acad. Press. hlm. 157. ISBN 978-0-12-373858-5.
^ Rosenkranz, Peter; Aumeier, Pia; Ziegelmann, Bettina (January 2010). "Biology and control of Varroa destructor". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: S96 – S119. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016. PMID 19909970.
^ Ramsey, Samuel D.; Ochoa, Ronald; Bauchan, Gary; Gulbronson, Connor; Mowery, Joseph D.; Cohen, Allen; Lim, David; Joklik, Judith; Cicero, Joseph M.; Ellis, James D.; Hawthorne, David; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis (29 January 2019). "Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (5): 1792–1801. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.1792R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1818371116. PMC 6358713. PMID 30647116.
^ Goulson, D.; Nicholls, E.; Botias, C.; Rotheray, E. L. (26 February 2015). "Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers" (PDF). Science. 347 (6229): 1255957. doi:10.1126/science.1255957. PMID 25721506. S2CID 206558985.
^ Rosenkranz, Peter; Aumeier, Pia; Ziegelmann, Bettina (January 2010). "Biology and control of Varroa destructor". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: S96 – S119. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016. PMID 19909970.

[Anderson_and_Trueman_2000-1] Anderson, D.L.; Trueman, J.W.H. (2000). ""Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species"". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 24 (3): 165–189. doi:10.1023/A:1006456720416.

[Zakar2014-2] Zakar, E.; Jávor, A.; Kusza, Sz. (August 2014). "Genetic bases of tolerance to Varroa destructor in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)". Insectes Sociaux. 61 (3): 207–215. doi:10.1007/s00040-014-0347-5. S2CID 253641352.

[3] Onstad, David, ed. (2008). Insect resistance management: biology, economics and prediction (Edisi 1.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Acad. Press. hlm. 157. ISBN 978-0-12-373858-5.

[Rosenkranz-4] Rosenkranz, Peter; Aumeier, Pia; Ziegelmann, Bettina (January 2010). "Biology and control of Varroa destructor". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: S96 – S119. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016. PMID 19909970.

[vanEngelsdorp_1792–1801-5] Ramsey, Samuel D.; Ochoa, Ronald; Bauchan, Gary; Gulbronson, Connor; Mowery, Joseph D.; Cohen, Allen; Lim, David; Joklik, Judith; Cicero, Joseph M.; Ellis, James D.; Hawthorne, David; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis (29 January 2019). "Varroa destructor feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (5): 1792–1801. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.1792R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1818371116. PMC 6358713. PMID 30647116.

[6] Goulson, D.; Nicholls, E.; Botias, C.; Rotheray, E. L. (26 February 2015). "Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers" (PDF). Science. 347 (6229): 1255957. doi:10.1126/science.1255957. PMID 25721506. S2CID 206558985.

[Rosenkranz2-7] Rosenkranz, Peter; Aumeier, Pia; Ziegelmann, Bettina (January 2010). "Biology and control of Varroa destructor". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: S96 – S119. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016. PMID 19909970.

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