Stimulan nafsu makan

Oreksigenik atau stimulan nafsu makan adalah obat, hormon, atau senyawa yang meningkatkan nafsu makan dan dapat menyebabkan hiperfagia. Senyawa ini bisa berupa obat atau hormon neuropeptida alami seperti grelin, oreksin, atau neuropeptida Y,^[1]^[2] yang meningkatkan rasa lapar sehingga meningkatkan konsumsi makanan. Biasanya peningkatan nafsu makan dianggap sebagai efek samping yang tidak diinginkan dari obat-obatan tertentu karena menyebabkan penambahan berat badan yang tidak diinginkan,^[3]^[4]^[5] tetapi terkadang hal itu dapat bermanfaat dan obat dapat diresepkan semata-mata untuk tujuan ini, terutama ketika pasien menderita kehilangan nafsu makan yang parah atau pengecilan otot karena fibrosis sistik, anoreksia, masa tua, kanker, atau AIDS.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Ada beberapa obat yang banyak digunakan yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan nafsu makan, termasuk antidepresan trisiklik (TCA), antidepresan tetrasiklik, kanabinoid alami atau sintetis, antihistamin generasi pertama, sebagian besar antipsikotik dan banyak hormon steroid. Di Amerika Serikat, belum ada hormon atau obat yang disetujui oleh FDA secara khusus sebagai oreksigenik, kecuali dronabinol yang mendapat persetujuan hanya untuk anoreksia yang disebabkan oleh HIV/AIDS.

Daftar

Antagonis 5-HT_2C reseptor/agonis terbalik: mirtazapin, olanzapin, kuetiapin, amitriptilin, siproheptadin, lurasidon
Antagonis reseptor H₁/agonis terbalik: mirtazapin, olanzapin, kuetiapin, amitriptilin, siproheptadin, pizotifen
Antagonis dopamin: haloperidol, klorpromazin, olanzapin, risperidon, kuetiapin
Antagonis adrenergik:
- Penghalang beta: propranolol, dll.
Secara paradoks, agonis adrenergik beta juga tercantum.^[11]

Bukan ephedra/klenbuterol (yang merupakan supresan nafsu makan), tetapi salbutamol, flerobuterol, zilpaterol, dan obat terkait.

- Antagonis adrenergik α₂^{[butuh rujukan]} — mirtazapin, mianserin
- Penghalang α₁/β yang dicampur: karvedilol
Agonis adrenergik α2: klonidin
Agonis reseptor CB₁ (kanabinoid: THC/dronabinol (komponen Cannabis), nabilona
Kortikosteroid: deksametason, prednison, hidrokortison
Steroid pregnena tertentu: megestrol asetat, medroksiprogesteron asetat
Steroid anabolik: oksandrolon, boldenon undesilenat, testosteron
Steroid lainnya seperti Prednisolon
Antidiabetes sulfonilurea seperti glibenklamid, klorpropamid, dan tolbutamid
Penstabil suasana hati seperti litium
Beberapa antiepilepsi seperti valproat, karbamazepin, dan gabapentin^[12]
Ligan VDCC α₂δ: gabapentin, pregabalin^[13]
Agonis reseptor grelin seperti anamorelin, GHRP-6, ibutamoren, ipamorelin, dan pralmorelin
Antagonis reseptor MC₄
Insulin
Gula, seperti fruktosa^[14]
Minuman beralkohol^[15]
Benzodiazepin, seperti diazepam^[16]

Referensi

↑ Diepvens K, Häberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M (Mar 2008). "Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans". Int J Obes (Lond). 32 (3): 510–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758. PMID 18345020.
↑ Akimoto S, Miyasaka K (July 2010). "Age-associated changes of hunger-regulating peptides". Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 10 Suppl 1: S107–19. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00587.x. PMID 20590826. S2CID 33227343.
↑ Purnell JQ, Weyer C (2003). "Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity". Treatments in Endocrinology. 2 (1): 33–47. doi:10.2165/00024677-200302010-00004. PMID 15871553. S2CID 8088326.
↑ Hermansen K, Mortensen LS (2007). "Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drug Safety. 30 (12): 1127–42. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730120-00005. PMID 18035865. S2CID 19877584.
↑ Maayan L, Correll CU (July 2010). "Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 10 (7): 1175–200. doi:10.1586/ern.10.85. PMC 3501406. PMID 20586697.
↑ Strasser F, Bruera ED (June 2002). "Update on anorexia and cachexia". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 16 (3): 589–617. doi:10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00011-4. PMID 12170570.
↑ Nasr SZ, Drury D (March 2008). "use in cystic fibrosis" (PDF). Pediatric Pulmonology. 43 (3): 209–19. doi:10.1002/ppul.20766. hdl:2027.42/57930. PMID 18219690. S2CID 43667706.
↑ Morley JE (2007). "Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (35): 3637–47. doi:10.2174/138161207782794149. PMID 18220800.
↑ Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, Sleeper RB (April 2009). "Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly". Pharmacotherapy. 29 (4): 383–97. doi:10.1592/phco.29.4.383. PMID 19323618. S2CID 6695434.
↑ Holmes S (July 2009). "A difficult clinical problem: diagnosis, impact and clinical management of cachexia in palliative care". International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 15 (7): 320, 322–6. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2009.15.7.43421. PMID 19648846.
↑ Lang F, Perrier E, Pellet J. [Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1983;141(8):918-25.
↑ Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM (Aug 2005). "Drug-induced weight gain". Drugs of Today. 41 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.8.893630. PMID 16234878. S2CID 34960274.
↑ LYRICA (pregabalin), CV. Full Prescribing Information, Section 5.7 (Weight Gain). Pfizer, Inc. Revised June, 2013.
↑ "Fructose Metabolism: Relation to Food Intake & Metabolic Dysfunction". themedicalbiochemistrypage.org. Diakses tanggal 14 April 2018.
↑ Caton SJ, Nolan LJ, Hetherington MM (2015). "Alcohol, Appetite and Loss of Restraint". Curr Obes Rep. 4 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0130-y. PMID 26627094. S2CID 36018101.
↑ Cooper, S. J. (2005). "Palatability-dependent appetite and benzodiazepines: new directions from the pharmacology of GABA(A) receptor subtypes". Appetite. 44 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.003. PMID 15808888. S2CID 1394424.

Bacaan lanjutan

Agents Used as Appetite Stimulants: Drug Class; University of Utah College of Pharmacy, 2014

Pranala luar

Media terkait Appetite stimulants di Wikimedia Commons

[1] Diepvens K, Häberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M (Mar 2008). "Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans". Int J Obes (Lond). 32 (3): 510–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758. PMID 18345020.

[pmid20590826-2] Akimoto S, Miyasaka K (July 2010). "Age-associated changes of hunger-regulating peptides". Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 10 Suppl 1: S107–19. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00587.x. PMID 20590826. S2CID 33227343.

[pmid15871553-3] Purnell JQ, Weyer C (2003). "Weight effect of current and experimental drugs for diabetes mellitus: from promotion to alleviation of obesity". Treatments in Endocrinology. 2 (1): 33–47. doi:10.2165/00024677-200302010-00004. PMID 15871553. S2CID 8088326.

[pmid18035865-4] Hermansen K, Mortensen LS (2007). "Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drug Safety. 30 (12): 1127–42. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730120-00005. PMID 18035865. S2CID 19877584.

[pmid20586697-5] Maayan L, Correll CU (July 2010). "Management of antipsychotic-related weight gain". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 10 (7): 1175–200. doi:10.1586/ern.10.85. PMC 3501406. PMID 20586697.

[pmid12170570-6] Strasser F, Bruera ED (June 2002). "Update on anorexia and cachexia". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 16 (3): 589–617. doi:10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00011-4. PMID 12170570.

[pmid18219690-7] Nasr SZ, Drury D (March 2008). "use in cystic fibrosis" (PDF). Pediatric Pulmonology. 43 (3): 209–19. doi:10.1002/ppul.20766. hdl:2027.42/57930. PMID 18219690. S2CID 43667706.

[pmid18220800-8] Morley JE (2007). "Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (35): 3637–47. doi:10.2174/138161207782794149. PMID 18220800.

[pmid19323618-9] Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, Sleeper RB (April 2009). "Megestrol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of unplanned weight loss in the elderly". Pharmacotherapy. 29 (4): 383–97. doi:10.1592/phco.29.4.383. PMID 19323618. S2CID 6695434.

[pmid19648846-10] Holmes S (July 2009). "A difficult clinical problem: diagnosis, impact and clinical management of cachexia in palliative care". International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 15 (7): 320, 322–6. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2009.15.7.43421. PMID 19648846.

[11] Lang F, Perrier E, Pellet J. [Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1983;141(8):918-25.

[12] Ness-Abramof R, Apovian CM (Aug 2005). "Drug-induced weight gain". Drugs of Today. 41 (8): 547–55. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.8.893630. PMID 16234878. S2CID 34960274.

[Lyrica-13] LYRICA (pregabalin), CV. Full Prescribing Information, Section 5.7 (Weight Gain). Pfizer, Inc. Revised June, 2013.

[14] "Fructose Metabolism: Relation to Food Intake & Metabolic Dysfunction". themedicalbiochemistrypage.org. Diakses tanggal 14 April 2018.

[Alcohol2015-15] Caton SJ, Nolan LJ, Hetherington MM (2015). "Alcohol, Appetite and Loss of Restraint". Curr Obes Rep. 4 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0130-y. PMID 26627094. S2CID 36018101.

[16] Cooper, S. J. (2005). "Palatability-dependent appetite and benzodiazepines: new directions from the pharmacology of GABA(A) receptor subtypes". Appetite. 44 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.003. PMID 15808888. S2CID 1394424.

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