Sistem tiga zaman
Sistem tiga zaman adalah pembagian zaman prasejarah manusia (dengan sejumlah lompatan dalam periode sejarah di sejumlah kecil wilayah) dalam tiga periode waktu: Zaman Batu, Zaman Perunggu, dan Zaman Besi,[1][2] meskipun konsep tersebut juga dapat merujuk kepada pembagian tripartit lainnya dari periode masa sejarah. Dalam beberapa sistem Zaman Tembaga ditambahkan antara Zaman Batu dan Zaman Perunggu. Zaman Tengga, Perunggu dan Besi juga secara kolektif disebut sebagai Zaman Logam.[3][4]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (30 April 2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. New York: Springer Science & Business Media (dipublikasikan 2000). hlm. 564. ISBN 978-0-306-46158-3. Diakses tanggal 29 January 2021.
Three-Age system: The division of human prehistory into three successive stages – Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age – based on the main type of material used in tools of the period. [...] The Ages are only developmental stages, and some areas skipped one or more of the stages. At first entirely hypothetical, these divisions were later confirmed by archaeological observations.
- ↑ Darvill, Timothy (2021-08-19), "Three Age System", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (dalam bahasa Inggris), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780191842788.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-184278-8, diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 March 2022, diakses tanggal 2022-03-09
- ↑ "The Metal Ages" (PDF). Generalitat de Catalunya. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ "The Metal Ages". History of Europe. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Barnes, Harry Elmer (1937). An Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World, Volume One. Dover Publications. OCLC 390382.
- Bogucki, Peter (2008). "Northern and Western Europe: Bronze Age". Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. hlm. 1216–1226.
- Browman, David L.; Williams, Steven (2002). New Perspectives on the Origins of Americanist Archaeology. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
- Brown, J. Allen (1893). "On the Continuity of the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Periods". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. XXII: 66–98.
- Childe, V. Gordon (1951). Man Makes Himself (Edisi 3rd). Mentor Books (New American Library of World Literature, Inc.).
- Connah, Graham (2010). Writing About Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
- Dawkins, William Boyd (1880). The Three Pleistocene Strata: Early Man in Britain and his place in the Tertiary Period. London: MacMillan & Co.
- Evans, John (1872). The ancient stone implements, weapons and ornaments, of Great Britain. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
- Evans, John (1881). The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Longmans Green & Co.
- Goodrum, Matthew R. (2008). "Questioning Thunderstones and Arrowheads: The Problem of Recognizing and Interpreting Stone Artifacts in the Seventeenth Century". Early Science and Medicine. 13 (5): 482–508. doi:10.1163/157338208X345759.
- Gräslund, Bo (1987). The Birth of Prehistoric Chronology. Dating methods and dating systems in nineteenth-century Scandinavian archeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hamy, M. E. T. (1906). "Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de l'archéologie préhistorique". Revue Archéologique. 4th (dalam bahasa Prancis). 7 (March–April): 239–259.
- Heizer, Robert F. (1962). "The background of Thomsen's Three-Age System". Technology and Culture. 3 (3): 259–266. doi:10.2307/3100819. JSTOR 3100819.
- Kristiansen, Kristian; Rowlands, Michael (1998). Social Transformations in Archaeology: global and local perspectives. London: Routledge.
- Lubbock, John (1865). Pre-historic times. as illustrated by ancient remains, and the manners and customs of modern savages. London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
- Malina, Joroslav; Vašíček, Zdenek (1990). Archaeology yesterday & today: The development of archaeology in the sciences & humanities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Piette, Edouard (1895). "Hiatus et Lacune: Vestiges de la période de transition dans la grotte du Mas-d'Azil" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris (dalam bahasa Prancis). 6 (6): 235–267. doi:10.3406/bmsap.1895.5585.
- Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2007). From Genesis to Prehistory: The Archaeological Three Age System and its Contested Reception in Denmark, Britain, and Ireland. Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2006). "The Concept of Prehistory and the Invention of the Terms 'Prehistoric' and 'Prehistorian': the Scandinavian Origin, 1833–1850" (PDF). European Journal of Archaeology. 9 (1): 103–130. doi:10.1177/1461957107077709. S2CID 163132775. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 April 2023. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2018.
- Stjerna, Knut (1910). "Les groupes de civilisation en Scandinavie à l'époque des sépultures à galerie". L'Anthropologie (dalam bahasa Prancis). XXI. Paris: 1–34.
- Trigger, Bruce (2006). A History of Archaeological thought (Edisi 2nd). Oxford: Cambridge University Press.
- Westropp, Hodder M. (1866). XXII. On the Analogous Forms of Implements Among Early and Primitive Races. Publications of the Anthropological Society of London. Vol. II. London: Anthropological Society of London. hlm. 288–294.
- Westropp, Hodder M. (1872). Pre-Historic Phases; or, Introductory Essays on Pre-Historic Archaeology. London: Bell & Daldy.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
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