Sejarah Xinjiang

Lokasi Xinjiang di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok

Sejarah wilayah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Xinjiang tercatat semenjak milenium ke-2 SM. Terdapat beberapa kekaisaran, utamanya, Tionghoa Han, Turkic dan Mongol, yang memerintah wilayah tersebut, yang meliputi Yuezhi, Xiongnu, dinasti Han, Gaochang, Kerajaan Khotan, Enam Belas Kerajaan dari dinasti Jin (Liang Awal, Qin Awal, Liang Akhir, dan Liang Barat), Kekhaganan Turkic, dinasti Tang, Kekaisaran Tibetan, Kekhaganan Uighur, Kekhanan Kara-Khanid, Kerajaan Qocho, Qara Khitai, Kekaisaran Mongol, dinasti Yuan, Kekhanan Chagatai, Kekhanan Yarkent, Kekhanan Dzungar, dan dinasti Qing. Xinjiang sebelumnya dikenal sebagai "Xiyu" (西域), di bawah kekuasaan dinasti Han, pada saat kekaisaraan Xiongnu menguasai kawasan tersebut pada 60 Mashi dalam upaya mengamankan Jalur Sutra,^[1] namun berganti nama menjadi Xinjiang (新疆, artinya "wilayah terdepan baru") saat kawasan tersebut ditaklukan kembali oleh dinasti Qing yang dipimpin oleh Manchu pada 1759. Xinjiang sekarang merupakan bagian dari Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, semenjak negara tersebut didirikan pada 1949.

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel ini memuat teks dari Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China, oleh Robert Samuel Maclay, publikasi dari tahun 1861, sekarang berada pada domain umum di Amerika Serikat.

^ Susan Whitfield (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications. hlm. 27. ISBN 9781932476132. Diakses tanggal 17 April 2014.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Andreyev, Alexandre (2003). Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s. Volume 4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 (edisi ke-illustrated). BRILL. ISBN 9004129529. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Andreyev, Alexandre (2014). The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich. BRILL. ISBN 9004270434. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Baabar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher, ed. Twentieth Century Mongolia, Volume 1 (edisi ke-illustrated). White Horse Press. ISBN 1874267405. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn Baabar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher, ed. History of Mongolia (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Monsudar Pub. ISBN 9992900385. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
"The Tarim mummies", J.P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair. ISBN 0-500-05101-1
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. James A. Millward. (2007). Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
"Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, ISBN 2-87772-337-2
Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May/Jun2007, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp. 48–62
Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. "Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II". Translated from the Shiji of Sima Qian. Columbia University Press. Revised Edition. ISBN 0-231-08166-9; ISBN 0-231-08167-7 (pbk.)
Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. Trans. Edward Denison Ross, ISBN 81-86787-02-X.
Shaw, Robert. Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand and Kashgar. John Murray, London. (1871). Reprint with new introduction. (1984). Oxford University Press, pp. 53–56. ISBN 0-19-583830-0.
Demetrius Charles Boulger. The Life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi, And Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar.
Bovingdon, Gardner (2010), The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231519419
Hopper, Ben; Webber, Michael (2009), "Migration, Modernisation and Ethnic Estrangement: Uyghur migration to Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PRC", Inner Asia, Global Oriental Ltd, 11: 173–203, doi:10.1163/000000009793066460
Sautman, Barry (2000), "Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?", Inner Asia, Brill, 2 (33, number 2): 239–271
Qiu, Yuanyao (1994), 跨世纪的中国人口：新疆卷, Beijing: 中国统计出版社
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 23 (edisi ke-9). Maxwell Sommerville. 1894. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Harvard Asia Quarterly, Volume 9. Harvard University. Asia Center, Harvard Asia Law Society, Harvard Asia Business Club, Asia at the Graduate School of Design (Harvard University). Harvard Asia Law Society, Harvard Asia Business Club, and Asia at the Graduate School of Design. 2005. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Linguistic Typology, Volume 2. Association for Linguistic Typology. Mouton de Gruyter. 1998. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Shanghai : Printed at the "Celestial Empire" Office 10-Hankow Road-10.: The Branch. 1876. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1876). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Shanghai : Printed at the "Celestial Empire" Office 10-Hankow Road-10.: Kelly & Walsh. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Volume 51. H.M. Stationery Office. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1914). Papers by Command, Volume 101. H.M. Stationery Office. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section, George Walter Prothero (1920). Handbooks Prepared Under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, Issues 67-74. H.M. Stationery Office. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section (1973). George Walter Prothero, ed. China, Japan, Siam. Volume 12 of Peace Handbooks, Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section. ISBN 0842017046. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Ethnological information on China. Volume 16; Volume 620 of JPRS (Series). CCM Information Corporation. 196?. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó, ed. (2007). Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia (edisi ke-illustrated). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754670414. ISSN 1759-5290. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
BURNS, JOHN F. (July 6, 1983). "ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1837). The Chinese Repository (edisi ke-reprint). Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
The Chinese Repository, Volume 5 (edisi ke-reprint). Kraus Reprint. 1837. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 1615301828. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places (edisi ke-illustrated). The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1615301348. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Victor C. Falkenheim. "Xinjiang - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 16 April 2014.
Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar C. (1998). China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks (edisi ke-illustrated). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1563247828. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Clarke, Michael E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1136827064. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759–2004 (Tesis). Griffith University, Brisbane: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf. Diarsipkan 2008-04-10 di Wayback Machine.
Croner, Don (2009). "False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan" (PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Crone. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-09-03. Diakses tanggal 29 August 2014.
Croner, Don (2010). "Ja Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan" (PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Crone. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-01-11. Diakses tanggal 29 August 2014.
Crowe, David M. (2014). War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137037016. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 1134362226. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Debata, Mahesh Ranjan (2007). China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang. Central Asian Studies Programme (edisi ke-illustrated). Pentagon Press. ISBN 8182743257. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Dickens, Mark (1990). "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949". OXUS COMMUNICATIONS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-23. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
Dillon, Michael (2008). Contemporary China - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 1134290543. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Dillon, Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. ISBN 1134360967. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Dupree, Louis; Naby, Eden (1994). Black, Cyril E., ed. The Modernization of Inner Asia. Contributor Elizabeth Endicott-West (edisi ke-reprint). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0873327799. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (edisi ke-illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447040912. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804746842. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Fairbank, John K., ed. (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 10, Late Ch'ing 1800-1911, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521214475. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Fisher, Richard Swainson (1852). The book of the world, Volume 2. J. H. Colton. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949 (edisi ke-illustrated). CUP Archive. ISBN 0521255147. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Garnaut, Anthony (2008). "From Yunnan to Xinjiang : Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals" (PDF). Etudes Orientales N° 25 (1er Semestre 2008). Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-09. Diakses tanggal 17 April 2014.
Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint, revised). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521497817. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Volume Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Diakses tanggal 6 May 2014.
Guo, Baogang; Hickey, Dennis V., ed. (2009). Toward Better Governance in China: An Unconventional Pathway of Political Reform (edisi ke-illustrated). Lexington Books. ISBN 0739140299. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2007). Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang, ed. Challenges facing Chinese political development (edisi ke-illustrated). Lexington Books. ISBN 0739120948. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Harris, Rachel (2004). Singing the Village: Music, Memory and Ritual Among the Sibe of Xinjiang (edisi ke-illustrated). Oxford University Press. ISBN 019726297X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Howell, Anthony J. (2009). Population Migration and Labor Market Segmentation: Empirical Evidence from Xinjiang, Northwest China. Michigan State University. ProQuest. ISBN 1109243235. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Islamic Culture, Volumes 27-29. Islamic Culture Board. Deccan. 1971. ISBN 0842017046. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Juntunen, Mirja; Schlyter, Birgit N., ed. (2013). Return To The Silk Routes (edisi ke-illustrated). Routledge. ISBN 1136175199. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Kim, Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877 (edisi ke-illustrated). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804767238. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Kim, Kwangmin (2008). Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814. University of California, Berkeley. ProQuest. ISBN 1109101260. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Lattimore, Owen; Nachukdorji, Sh (1955). Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia. Brill Archive. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Lin, Hsiao-ting (2007). "Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China" (PDF). China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program. 5 (No 1). ISSN 1653-4212. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-09-23.
Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown.
Levene, Mark (2008). "Empires, Native Peoples, and Genocides". Dalam Moses, A. Dirk. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Oxford and New York: Berghahn. hlm. 183–204. ISBN 1-84545-452-9. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Liew, Leong H.; Wang, Shaoguang, ed. (2004). Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0203404297. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2014.
Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295800550. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Liu, Tao Tao; Faure, David (1996). Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9622094023. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Lorge, Peter (2006). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge. ISBN 1134372868. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Marks, Robert B. (2011). China: Its Environment and History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442212772. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Martin, Robert Montgomery (1847). China ; Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government. Volume 1 of China, Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government, China, Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government. J. Madden. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Martyn, Norma (1987). The silk road. Methuen. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Mentelle, Edme; Malte Conrad Brun (dit Conrad) Malte-Brun; Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle (1804). Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde, Volume 12. H. Tardieu. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Meehan, Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. (May–June 1980). "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead". Air University Review. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-13. Diakses tanggal 11 May 2014.
Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (edisi ke-illustrated). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804729336. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231139241. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Morozova, Irina Y. (2009). Socialist Revolutions in Asia: The Social History of Mongolia in the 20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 113578437X. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Myer, Will (2003). Islam and Colonialism Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia. Routledge. ISBN 113578583X.
Nan, Susan Allen; Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian; Bartoli, Andrea, ed. (2011). Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory [2 volumes]: From Practice to Theory. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313375771. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Nan, Susan Allen; Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian; Bartoli, Andrea, ed. (2011). Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory. Volume One. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313375763. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Nathan, Andrew James; Scobell, Andrew (2013). China's Search for Security (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231511647. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860. Volume 16 of Brill's Inner Asian Library (edisi ke-illustrated). BRILL. ISBN 9004145508. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Nyman, Lars-Erik (1977). Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934. Volume 8 of Lund studies in international history. Esselte studium. ISBN 9124272876. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Paine, S. C. M. (1996). Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier (edisi ke-illustrated). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1563247240. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Palmer, James (2011). The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia (edisi ke-reprint). Basic Books. ISBN 0465022073. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Parker, Charles H. (2010). Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139491415. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Pegg, Carole (2001). Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities, Volume 1 (edisi ke-illustrated). University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295980303. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Perdue, Peter C (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (edisi ke-illustrated). Harvard University Press. ISBN 067401684X. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (edisi ke-reprint). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674042026. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Perdue, Peter C. (Oct 1996). "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 30 (No. 4 Special Issue: War in Modern China): 757–793. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00016796. JSTOR 312949.
Pollard, Vincent, ed. (2011). State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change. Volume 29 of Studies in Critical Social Sciences (edisi ke-illustrated). BRILL. ISBN 9004194452. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). Historical Dictionary of Tibet (edisi ke-illustrated). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810879840. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Prakash, Buddha (1963). The modern approach to history. University Publishers. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Rahul, Ram (2000). March of Central Asia. Indus Publishing. ISBN 8173871094. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313365407. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Roberts, John A.G. (2011). A History of China (edisi ke-revised). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0230344119. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1992). Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China (edisi ke-reprint). Harvard University. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231107870. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231107862. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
RYAN, WILLIAM L. (Jan 2, 1969). "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China". The Lewiston Daily Sun. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
M. Romanovski, ed. (1870). "Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866 by Robert Michell". Notes on the Central Asiatic Question. Calcutta: Office of Superintendent of Government Printing. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Volume 74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (edisi ke-3, illustrated). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810874520. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Shelton, Dinah C (2005). Shelton, Dinah, ed. Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity, Volume 3 (edisi ke-illustrated). Macmillan Reference. ISBN 0028658507. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987. Volume 3 of Aspects of Altaic civilization / ed. by Denis Sinor Volume 145 of Indiana University Uralic and Altaic series, Indiana University Bloomington. Contributor Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Psychology Press. ISBN 0700703802. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland (edisi ke-illustrated). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1318-2. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Seymour, James D.; Anderson, Richard (1999). New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China. Socialism and Social Movements Series. Contributor Sidong Fan (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765605104. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Tamm, Eric (2013). The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China. Counterpoint. ISBN 1582438765. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Theobald, Ulrich (2013). War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). BRILL. ISBN 9004255672. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Tinibai, Kenjali (May 28, 2010). "China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street". Bloomberg Businessweek. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
Tinibai, Kenjali (2010-05-28). "Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street". Gazeta.kz. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-13. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
Tinibai, Kenjali (27 May 2010). "Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street". Transitions Online. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
Tyler, Christian (2004). Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813535336. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar (1982). Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73-75. O. Harrassowitz. ISBN 344702237X. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Walcott, Susan M.; Johnson, Corey, ed. (2013). Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea. Routledge. ISBN 1135078750. Diakses tanggal 13 April 2014.
Wang, Gungwu; Zheng, Yongnian, ed. (2008). China and the New International Order (edisi ke-illustrated). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0203932269. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2014.
Wayne, Martin I. (2007). China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security. Routledge. ISBN 1134106238. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, ed. (2002). China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives. World Scientific. ISBN 981270650X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Westad, Odd Arne (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 (edisi ke-illustrated). Basic Books. ISBN 0465029361. Diakses tanggal 22 April 2014.
Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, ed. (2002). China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives. World Scientific. ISBN 981270650X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. Sage Publications. 32 (Number 1): 3. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2014-03-25. Diakses tanggal 17 April 2014.
Znamenski, Andrei (2011). Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia (edisi ke-illustrated). Quest Books. ISBN 0835608913. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
The Mongolia Society Bulletin: A Publication of the Mongolia Society, Volume 9. Contributor Mongolia Society. The Society. 1970. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
Mongolia Society (1970). Mongolia Society Bulletin, Volumes 9-12. Mongolia Society. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
France. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Section de géographie (1895). Bulletin de la Section de géographie, Volume 10. PARIS: IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1-2. Contributor University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit. The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge. 2002. ISBN 0804729336. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
UPI (Sep 22, 1981). "Radio war aims at China Moslems". The Montreal Gazette. hlm. 11. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Templat:Topik Xinjiang Templat:Sejarah divisi politik Tiongkok

[The_Silk_Road-1] Susan Whitfield (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications. hlm. 27. ISBN 9781932476132. Diakses tanggal 17 April 2014.

[1]