Pertempuran Manila (1899)
| Pertempuran Manila | |||||||
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| Bagian dari Perang Filipina–Amerika Serikat | |||||||
Tentara Amerika Serikat dari Relawan Nebraska Pertama, Kompi B, dekat Manila pada tahun 1899. | |||||||
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| Pihak terlibat | |||||||
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| Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
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| Kekuatan | |||||||
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8.000 di Manila 11.000 pertahanan luar Manila[1] |
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| Korban | |||||||
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44 tewas[2] 195 terluka[2] |
kr. 700 tewas[2] kr. 3.300 terluka[2] | ||||||
Pertempuran Manila (Inggris: Battle of Manila; Tagalog: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanyol: Batalla de Manila), pertempuran pertama dan terbesar dalam Perang Filipina-Amerika Serikat, terjadi pada tanggal 4-5 Februari 1899, di mana 19.000 tentara Amerika dan 15.000 milisi bersenjata Filipina bertempur di Manila. Konflik bersenjata meletus ketika pasukan Amerika, yang bertugas untuk mencegah pendudukan pasukan Filipina mendekati Manila dan menembaki kelompok di dekatnya. Presiden Filipina saat itu, Emilio Aguinaldo berusaha menegosiasikan gencatan senjata, tetapi Jenderal Amerika Elwell Stephen Otis menolaknya, dan konflik tersebut meningkat menjadi pertempuran keesokan harinya. Pertempuran berakhir dengan kemenangan Amerika, meskipun pertempuran kecil berlanjut beberapa hari setelahnya.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Edisi Eighth), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2
- Aguinaldo, Emilio (2005) [1899], True Version of the Philippine Revolution, University of Michigan Library
- Blanchard, William H. (1996), "9. Losing Stature in the Philippines", Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-30013-5
- Blitz, Amy (2000), "Conquest and Coercion: Early U.S. Colonialism, 1899–1916", The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-9935-8
- Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Tala Pub. Services
- Faust, K.I. (1899), Campaigning in the Philippines: Illustrated, Hicks-Judd Company
- Feuer, A. B. (2002), America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-96821-9
- Halstead, Murat (1898), "XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
- Legarda, Benito Justo (2001), The Hills of Sampaloc: The Opening Actions of the Philippine–American War, February 4–5, 1899, Bookmark, ISBN 978-971-569-418-6
- Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), The Philippine War, 1899–1902, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3
- Medina, Isagani R.; Medina, Mirana R. (2002), "The First Shot That Triggered the Filipino-American War on the 4th of February 1899 Did Not Happen At San Juan Bridge", Espionage in the Philippines, 1896–1902, and other essays, UST Pub. House, hlm. 29–48, ISBN 978-971-506-184-1
- Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-02697-8
- Taylor, John R.M., ed. (1907), Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records (PDF), Combined Arms Research Library, originally from War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, diarsipkan dari asli tanggal October 3, 2008, diakses tanggal September 7, 2021
- Wildman, Edwin (1901). Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions. Lothrop Publishing Company. hlm. 195–205.
- Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, hlm. 75–89, ISBN 1-4191-7715-X
Bacaan lanjutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aguinaldo, Emilio (September 23, 1899). "XIX. Outbreak of Hostilities". True Version of the Philippine Revolution.
- Silbey, David J. (February 4, 2013). "February 4, 1899: The Start of the Philippine-American War and Patron-Client Fighting". Command Posts. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal March 16, 2013.
- Arcilla, Jose S. (1989). "The Fall of Manila: Excerpts from a Jesuit Diary". Philippine Studies. 37 (2). Ateneo de Manila University: 192–214. JSTOR 42634584.