Kebaikan dan kejahatan

Dalam banyak agama, malaikat dianggap makhluk baik.

Dan setan umumnya dipandang sebagai makhluk jahat.

Dalam filsafat, agama, dan psikologi, "kebaikan dan kejahatan" merupakan dikotomi umum. Dalam agama-agama yang dipengaruhi oleh Manikheisme dan Abrahamik, kejahatan dianggap sebagai kebalikan dari kebaikan, yang mana kebaikan harus menang dan kejahatan harus dikalahkan.^[1]

Kejahatan sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan amoralitas yang mendalam.^[2] Kejahatan juga digambarkan sebagai kekuatan supernatural.^[2] Definisi kejahatan bervariasi, seperti halnya analisis motifnya.^[3] Namun, unsur-unsur yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan kejahatan melibatkan perilaku tidak seimbang yang melibatkan kemanfaatan, keegoisan, ketidaktahuan, atau kelalaian.^[4]

Studi utama tentang kebaikan dan kejahatan (atau moralitas) adalah etika, yang memiliki tiga cabang utama: etika normatif tentang bagaimana kita seharusnya berperilaku, etika terapan tentang isu-isu moral tertentu, dan metaetika tentang hakikat moralitas itu sendiri.^[5]

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ Ingram, Paul O.; Streng, Frederick John (1986). Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 148–149.
^ ^a ^b "Evil". Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-22.
^ Staub, Ervin (2011). Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism. New York City: Oxford University Press. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0195382044.
^ Matthews, Caitlin; Matthews, John (2004). Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. hlm. 173. ISBN 978-0892810918.
^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Ethics"

Referensi

Anders, Timothy (1994). The evolution of evil. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 9780812691757.
Atkinson, Philip. Recognising Good And Evil from ourcivilisation.com
Aristotle. "Nicomachean Ethics". 1998. US: Oxford University Press. (1177a15)
Bentham, Jeremy. The Principles of Morals and Legislation. 1988. Prometheus Books.
Boyce, Mary (1979). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.
Dewey, John. Theory of Valuation. 1948. University of Chicago Press.
Durant, Ariel and W. Durant. The Lessons of History. 1997. MJF Books. (p72)
Garcia, John David. The Moral Society — A Rational Alternative to Death. 2005. Whitmore Publishing.
Griffin, James. Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance. 1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hume, David. A Treastise of Human Nature. 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hurka, Thomas. Perfectionism. 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. 1996. Cambridge University Press. Third section, [446]-[447].
Kierkegaard, Søren. Either/Or. 1992. Penguin Classics.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. 1999. Belknap Press.
Romero, Rhys. "Just Being a Student". 2009. Austin Student Press.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Baumeister, Roy F. (1999) Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: A.W.H. Freeman / Owl Book
Bennett, Gaymon, Hewlett, Martinez J, Peters, Ted, Russell, Robert John (2008). The Evolution of Evil. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-56979-5
Katz, Fred Emil (1993) Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-1442-6
Katz, Fred Emil (2004) Confronting Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-6030-4
Neiman, Susan. Evil in Modern Thought – An Alternative History of Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6193-9.
Shermer, M. (2004). The Science of Good & Evil. New York: Time Books. ISBN 0-8050-7520-8
Steven Mintz; John Stauffer, ed. (2007). The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-570-8.
Stapley, A.B. & Elder Delbert L., Using Our Free Agency. Ensign May 1975: 21
Stark, Ryan. Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 115–45
Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005) Evil and Human Agency – Understanding Collective Evildoing New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85694-2
Wilson, William McF., and Julian N. Hartt. Farrer's Theodicy. In David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson (eds), Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer. New York and London: T & T Clark / Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-567-02510-1

Pranala luar

Evil di In Our Time di BBC. (listen now)
Good and Evil in (Ultra Orthodox) Judaism
ABC News: Looking for Evil in Everyday Life
Booknotes interview with Lance Morrow on Evil: An Investigation, October 19, 2003.
Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. The Discussion of Evil in Christianity in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 (9):540–542 (2013). ISSN 0032-6178
Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. Prolegomenon to the Study of Evil. in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 (4):278–281 (2013). ISSN 0032-6178
Contestabile, Bruno (2016). "The Denial of the World from an Impartial View". Contemporary Buddhism. 17: 49–61. doi:10.1080/14639947.2015.1104003.

[Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-1] Ingram, Paul O.; Streng, Frederick John (1986). Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 148–149.

[Oxford_Dictionary_Definition-2] "Evil". Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-22.

[Ervin_Staub_p._32-3] Staub, Ervin (2011). Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism. New York City: Oxford University Press. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0195382044.

[4] Matthews, Caitlin; Matthews, John (2004). Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. hlm. 173. ISBN 978-0892810918.

[iep.utm.edu-5] Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Ethics"

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Pengawasan otoritas
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