Kampanye Gurun Barat

Kampanye Gurun Barat
Bagian dari Kampanye Afrika Utara di Perang Dunia II
Pasukan Britania Raya sedang melakukan pengintaian selama Pengepungan Tobruk, Agustus 1941.
Tanggal 11 Juni 1940 – 4 Februari 1943 (2 tahun, 7 bulan, 3 minggu dan 3 hari) Lokasi Gurun Barat, Mesir dan Libya 24°N 25°E Hasil Kemenangan Sekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
Britania Raya India Sudan Rhodesia Selatan Palestina Yordania Pasukan Arab Libya Australia Selandia Baru Afrika Selatan Prancis Merdeka Yunani	Italia Libya Jerman
Pemimpin atau tokoh terkemuka
Archibald Wavell Claude Auchinleck Harold Alexander Alan Cunningham Neil Ritchie Bernard Montgomery	Ugo Cavallero Italo Balbo † Rodolfo Graziani Italo Gariboldi Ettore Bastico Curio Barbasetti Albert Kesselring Erwin Rommel Georg Stumme †
Korban jiwa dan kerugian
Afrika Utara 220.000 35.476 tewas	Afrika Utara 620.000 32.342 tewas

Kampanye Gurun Barat atau Perang Gurun (Desert War) terjadi di gurun Mesir dan Libya, merupakan lokasi utama dalam kampanye Afrika Utara pada Perang Dunia Kedua.

Operasi militer diawali dengan pernyaaan perang Italia terhadap Sekutu pada 10 Juni 1940 untuk merebut Mesir dari Inggris, di mana saat itu ia memiliki lebih dari satu juta orang angkatan perang yang berbasis di Libya, serangan dilancarkan dari Libya menuju mesir pada 13 September 1940. Marshall Rodolfo Graziani bersama lima divisi Italia mulai bergerak cepat ke Mesir tetapi terhenti di depan pertahanan utama Inggris di Mersa Matruh. Meskipun kalah jumlah, Jenderal Archibald Wavell memerintahkan serangan balasan Inggris pada 9 Desember 1940. Italia menderita banyak korban dan terdesak mundur lebih dari 800 km (500 mil). Pasukan Inggris bergerak di sepanjang pantai dan pada 22 Januari 1941, dan berhasil merebut pelabuhan Tobruk di Libya dari Italia.

Benito Mussolini mencari bantuan dari Adolf Hitler dan akhirnya pada Januari 1941, Adolf Hitler mengirim Jenderal Erwin Rommel dan Deutsches Afrikakorps yang baru dibentuk ke Afrika Utara. Rommel melancarkan serangan pertamanya pada 24 Maret 1941, dan setelah seminggu pertempuran dia mendorong Archibald Wavell dan Tentara Inggris keluar dari sebagian besar Libya. Namun, di bawah Letnan Jenderal Leslie Morshead, Inggris berhasil mempertahankan basis pasokan penting di Tobruk.

Archibald Wavell mencoba melakukan serangan balik pada 17 Juni 1941, tetapi pasukannya dihentikan di Halfaya Pass. Tiga minggu kemudian dia digantikan oleh Jenderal Claude Auchinleck.

Daftar pustaka

Buku

• "Appendix E, H.Q. Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No. 6 (23 Feb 41) WO 169/1258". The National Archives. 23 Februari 1941. Diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Barr, Niall (2005) [2004]. Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-738-2.
• Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Peter, Young (ed.). The History of World War II (Edisi rev.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.
• Bekker, Cajus (1975). The Luftwaffe War Diaries. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-306-80604-9.
• Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2003) [2002]. War Without Hate: the Desert Campaign of 1940–1943 (Edisi New). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200394-7.
• Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03040-8.
• Carver, M. (2002) [1986]. Dilemmas of the Desert War: the Libyan Campaign 1940–1942 (Edisi Spellmount). Staplehurst: Batsford. ISBN 1-86227-153-4.
• Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945: its Political and Military Failure. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
• Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29793-1.
• Edgerton, D. (2011). Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99918-1.
• Green, William (1970). Warplanes of the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-38505-782-2.
• Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-630934-2.
• Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-374-7.
• Lewin, Ronald (1998) [1968]. Rommel As Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-0861-3.
• von Luck, Hans (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN 0-440-20802-5.
• Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 1412578.
• Macksey, Major Kenneth (1971). Beda Fomm: Classic Victory. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. New York: Ballantine Books. OCLC 473687868.
• MacGregor, Andrew (2006) [2006]. A Military History of Modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0-275-98601-2.
• Marcon, Tullio (1998). I Muli del Mare (dalam bahasa Italian) (Edisi 3rd). Parma: Albertelli. ISBN 978-88-87372-02-1.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
• Neillands, Robin (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5647-3.
• Pitt, Barrie (1989). Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941 (Edisi New). Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-232-8.
• Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Stitt R.N., Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-065-3.
• Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
• Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [HMSO 1960]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
• Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; and Molony, Brigadier C. J. C.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F. C. & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
• Porch, Douglas (2004). Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble (Edisi Cassell Military Paperbacks 2005). London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 0-304-36705-2.
• Raugh, H. E. (1993). Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship. London: Brassey's UK. ISBN 0-08-040983-0.
• Rommel, Erwin (1994). Pimlott, John (ed.). Rommel: in his own words. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-185-2.
• Rommel, Erwin (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, Basil (ed.). The Rommel Papers. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80157-0.
• Schenk, Peter (1990). Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-548-9.
• Watson, B. A. (2007) [1999]. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole. ISBN 0-8117-3381-5.

Jurnal

• Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (Jan–Feb 1993). "The Summer of '42: The Proposed Axis Invasion of Malta" (20). Conshohocken, PA: Command Magazine. ISSN 1059-5651. {{cite journal}}: Kutipan journal memerlukan |journal=Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Jenner, C. J. (2008). "Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–U.S. Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942". Diplomatic History. 32 (2). London: Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (Oxford University Press): 165–205. ISSN 0145-2096.
• Wavell, Archibald (1946). "Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From August, 1939 to November, 1940". London: War Office. {{cite journal}}: Kutipan journal memerlukan |journal= in "No. 37609". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 Juni 1946. hlm. 2997–3006.
• Wavell, Archibald (1946). "Despatch on Operations in the Western Desert From 7th December, 1940 to 7th February 1941". London: War Office. {{cite journal}}: Kutipan journal memerlukan |journal= in {{London Gazette |issue=37628 |date=26 Juni 1946 |supp=y |pages=3261-3269

Laporan

• Roberts, Major-General G. P. B.; Bayerlein, Generalleutnant, Fritz (1956). Basil Liddell Hart (ed.). Battle Report: Alam Halfa (Laporan). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 464601329. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2007-10-21. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2007.{{cite report}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Toppe, Generalmajor Alfred (1990) [~1947]. German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II (PDF). The Black Vault (Laporan). Vol. II. Washington: U.S. Marine Corps: Historical Division, European Command. FMFRP 12-96-II. Diakses tanggal 15 Oktober 2013. {{cite report}}: Tautan eksternal dalam |website=Pemeliharaan CS1: Status URL (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Tesis

• Christie, Howard R. (1999). Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 (MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 465212715. A116763. Diakses tanggal 16 Februari 2015. {{cite thesis}}: Parameter tidak dikenal |= diabaikanPemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) Diarsipkan 2015-02-16 di Wayback Machine

Situs web

• "Engagements, 1942". The History of the British 7th Armoured Division. 2001. Diakses tanggal 20 Februari 2015.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Bacaan tambahan

Buku

• Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2002) [1957]. Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel (ed.). War Diaries 1939–1945 (Edisi rev.). London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
• Beaumont, Joan (1996). Australia's War, 1939–1945. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin; ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
• Carver, Field Marshal Lord (2000) [1962]. El Alamein (Edisi New). Ware, Herts. UK: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-220-3.
• Carver, Field Marshal Lord (1964). Tobruk. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-23376-9. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal
• Churchill, Winston S. (1986) [1949]. Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-41056-8.
• Churchill, Winston S. (1985) [1950]. The Grand Alliance. The Second World War. Vol. III. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.
• Churchill, Winston S.; Gilbert, Martin (1993). The Churchill War Papers. London: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01959-4.
• Clifford, Alexander (1943). Three against Rommel. London: George G. Harrap. OCLC 480338570.
• Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D., ed. (2005) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280666-6.
• Glassop, Lawson (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (Edisi Penguin). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-14-014924-4.
• Harrison, Frank (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-986-0.
• Jentz, Thomas L. (1996). Panzer Truppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1933–1942. Vol. I. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-88740-915-6.
• Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
• Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6203-7.
• Latimer, Jon (2000). Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-967-0.
• Latimer, Jon (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
• Long, Gavin (1961) [1952]. To Benghazi. Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army). Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 314648263. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2007-09-08. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-28.
• Lucas-Phillips, C. E. (1962). Alamein. London: Heinemann. OCLC 3510044.
• Maughan, Barton (1966). Tobruk and El Alamein. Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army). Vol. III. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2007-09-08. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-28.
• von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. (1971) [1956]. Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armour in the Second World War (Edisi First). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-24440-0.
• Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron hulls, iron hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa. Marlborough: Crowood. ISBN 978-1-86126-646-0.
• Walker, Ronald (1967). Alam Halfa and Alamein. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 504337535.

Laporan

• Thompson, D. H. (2002). Discarded Victory: North Africa, 1940–1941 (PDF) (Laporan). USAWC strategy research project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College. OCLC 50872739. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 9 Juli 2015.{{cite report}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Tosch, D. F. (1987). German Operations in North Africa: A Case Study of the Link Between Operational Design and Sustainment (Report). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 17455859. ADA 184732. Diakses tanggal 28 Maret 2015.{{cite report}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Tesis

• Dando, N. (2014). The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 (PhD). Plymouth University. OCLC 885436735. Diakses tanggal 25 Maret 2015.{{cite thesis}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• LaFace, J. L. (2001). Tactical Victory Leading to Operational Failure: Rommel in North Africa (Monograph). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies. OCLC 831724060. Doket ADA 397473. Diakses tanggal 28 Maret 2015.{{cite thesis}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
• Snead, L. R. (6 Mei 1994). Wavell's Campaigns in the Middle East: An Analysis of Operational Art and the Implications for Today (Monograph). Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 831935679. Doket ADA 284720. Diakses tanggal 9 Maret 2015. {{cite thesis}}: Parameter tidak dikenal |= diabaikanPemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine

Pranala luar

• AFRIKAKORPS.org/AANA Research Group Diarsipkan 2008-01-15 di Wayback Machine
• Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 page 1
• Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 page 2
• Crusader Project, Axis supply statistics for North Africa
• https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWdesert.htm