Sealand: Perbedaan antara revisi
| Baris 40: | Baris 40: | ||
bagian dari jalur pelayaran |
bagian dari jalur pelayaran |
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penting; it comprised a floating [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] base with a superstructure of two hollow towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above the [[Rough Sands]] sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to allow it to sink to its final resting place on the sandbar. The location chosen was approximately 7 nautical miles from the coast of [[Suffolk]], outside the then [[three-mile limit|three-mile territorial water]] claim of the United Kingdom and therefore in [[international waters]].<ref name=seaswaterways /> The facility (called Roughs Tower or HM Fort Roughs) was occupied by 150–300 [[Royal Navy]] personnel throughout World War II; not until well after the war, in 1956, were the last full-time personnel taken off HM Fort Roughs.<ref name=seaswaterways /> |
penting; it comprised a floating [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] base with a superstructure of two hollow towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above the [[Rough Sands]] sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to allow it to sink to its final resting place on the sandbar. The location chosen was approximately 7 nautical miles from the coast of [[Suffolk]], outside the then [[three-mile limit|three-mile territorial water]] claim of the United Kingdom and therefore in [[international waters]].<ref name=seaswaterways /> The facility (called Roughs Tower or HM Fort Roughs) was occupied by 150–300 [[Royal Navy]] personnel throughout World War II; not until well after the war, in 1956, were the last full-time personnel taken off HM Fort Roughs.<ref name=seaswaterways /> |
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===Pendudukan oleh Roy Bates |
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dan pembentukan Sealand=== |
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[[Berkas:Royal Standard of the Prince of Sealand.svg|left|thumb|Royal Standard Pangeran Sealand.]] |
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Pada tanggal 2 September |
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1967, benteng diduduki |
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oleh Mayor [[Paddy Roy |
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Bates]], a British subject and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters.<ref name="Micronations">{{cite book|title=Micronations|author=John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2006|isbn=1-74104-730-7|page=9}}</ref> Bates bermaksud untuk |
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menyiarkan stasiun radio |
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bajak lautnya, [[Radio Essex (stasiun radio bajak laut)|Radio Essex]], dari platform.<ref>{{Cite news |
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| date = 24 Maret 1966 |
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| title = Radio: British Commercial Broadcasters Are at Sea; Illegal Programs Are Beamed From Ships |
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| periodical = New York Times |
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| accessdate =18 October 2008 |
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| postscript = <!--None--> |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters in order to service a navigational buoy near the platform. Michael Bates (son of Paddy Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the former fort. As Bates was a [[British subject]] at the time, he was summoned to court in England on firearms charges following the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off |url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/haven.html|publisher=[[Wired News]] |date=July 2000|accessdate=11 November 2007}}</ref> But the court ruled that as the platform (which Bates was now calling "Sealand") was outside British jurisdiction, being beyond the then three-mile limit of the country's waters,<ref>''Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates'', The Shire Hall, Chelmsford, 25 October 1968. {{cite web |url=http://www.seanhastings.com/havenco/sealand/judgement.html |title=Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates|accessdate=11 November 2007|publisher=The Shire Hall, Chelmsford |work=}}</ref> the case could not proceed. In 1975, Bates introduced a constitution for Sealand, followed by a flag, a national anthem, a currency and passports.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.sealandgov.org/history.html |title=The Principality of Sealand |publisher=Sealandgov.org |date= |accessdate=21 November 2011}}</ref> |
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In August 1978, while Bates and his wife were in England, [[Alexander Achenbach]], who describes himself as the Prime Minister of Sealand, hired several German and Dutch mercenaries to spearhead an attack of Roughs Tower.<ref name=LP11>{{cite book | title = Micronations | author=John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars | publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | year = 2006 | isbn=1-74104-730-7 | page = 11}}</ref> They stormed the tower with [[speedboats]], [[jet skies]] and [[helicopters]], and took Bates' son hostage. Bates was able to retake the tower and capture Achenbach and the mercenaries. Achenbach, a German lawyer who held a Sealand passport, was charged with [[treason]] against Sealand<ref name="LP11"/> and was held unless he paid [[German mark|DM]] 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000).<ref>{{cite news|title=Attempt to free captive from private 'island' fails|date=5 September 1978|page=3|work=The Times}}</ref> The governments of the Netherlands, Austria and Germany petitioned the British government for his release, but the United Kingdom disavowed his imprisonment, citing the 1968 court decision.<ref name="sealandgov.org"/> Germany then sent a diplomat from its London embassy to Roughs Tower to negotiate for Achenbach's release. Roy Bates relented after several weeks of negotiations and subsequently claimed that the diplomat's visit constituted ''de facto'' recognition of Sealand by Germany.<ref name="LP11"/> |
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Following his repatriation, Achenbach and Gernot Pütz established a "[[government in exile]]", sometimes known as the Sealand Rebel Government, or Sealandic Rebel Government, in Germany.<ref name="LP11"/> Achenbach's appointed successor, Johannes Seiger, continues to claim via his website that he is Sealand's legitimate ruling authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://principality-of-sealand.eu/welcome_e.html |title=Homepage of Sealandic Government in Exile |accessdate=13 November 2007 |publisher=Sealandic Government in Exile}}</ref> |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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Revisi per 30 November 2012 01.55
| Kepangeranan Sealand | ||
| Bangsa mikro | ||
 Flag |
 Lambang negara | |
| Motto: E Mare Libertas (English: From the Sea, Freedom) Anthem: E Mare Libertas by Basil Simonenko | ||
| Status | Sekarang | |
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Area yang diklaim | 550 m2 | |
| Populasi | 3 (2011) | |
| Tanggal pendirian | 2 September 1967 | |
| Kepemimpinan | Keluarga Bates | |
| Struktur organisasional | Oligarki, monarki konstitusional | |
| Bahasa | Bahasa Inggris | |
| Mata uang yang diakui | Dollar Sealand (nilainya dipatok dalam USD)[1] | |
| Ibu kota | HM Fort Roughs | |
| Kelompok etnis | European, North American | |
| Demonim | Sealander, Sealandic | |
| PDB yang diklaim | US$600,000 (US$22,200 per capita)[2] | |
| Zona waktu | GMT | |
Kepangeranan Sealand adalah sebuah entitas yang belum diakui, yang terletak di Fort HM roughs, sebelumnya pada Perang Dunia II merupakan pelabuhan laut Maunsell di Laut Utara 10 km (enam mil) dari lepas pantai Suffolk, Inggris (51 ° 53'40 "N, 1 ° 28'57 "E).
Sejak tahun 1967, fasilitas ini telah diduduki oleh seorang mantan Mayor Inggris Paddy Roy Bates; rekan dan keluarganya mengklaim tempat ini sebagai negara berdaulat yang independen.
Sejarah
Sejarah HM Fort Roughs
Pada 1943, selama Perang Dunia II, HM Fort Roughs dibangun oleh Britania Raya sebagai salah satu dari Benteng Maunsell,[3] terutama untuk pertahanan terhadap pesawat mine-laying Jerman yang mungkin menargetkan muara yang merupakan bagian dari jalur pelayaran penting; it comprised a floating pontoon base with a superstructure of two hollow towers joined by a deck upon which other structures could be added. The fort was towed to a position above the Rough Sands sandbar, where its base was deliberately flooded to allow it to sink to its final resting place on the sandbar. The location chosen was approximately 7 nautical miles from the coast of Suffolk, outside the then three-mile territorial water claim of the United Kingdom and therefore in international waters.[3] The facility (called Roughs Tower or HM Fort Roughs) was occupied by 150–300 Royal Navy personnel throughout World War II; not until well after the war, in 1956, were the last full-time personnel taken off HM Fort Roughs.[3]
===Pendudukan oleh Roy Bates dan pembentukan Sealand===
Pada tanggal 2 September 1967, benteng diduduki oleh Mayor [[Paddy Roy Bates]], a British subject and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters.[4] Bates bermaksud untuk menyiarkan stasiun radio bajak lautnya, Radio Essex, dari platform.[5]
In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters in order to service a navigational buoy near the platform. Michael Bates (son of Paddy Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the former fort. As Bates was a British subject at the time, he was summoned to court in England on firearms charges following the incident.[6] But the court ruled that as the platform (which Bates was now calling "Sealand") was outside British jurisdiction, being beyond the then three-mile limit of the country's waters,[7] the case could not proceed. In 1975, Bates introduced a constitution for Sealand, followed by a flag, a national anthem, a currency and passports.[8]
In August 1978, while Bates and his wife were in England, Alexander Achenbach, who describes himself as the Prime Minister of Sealand, hired several German and Dutch mercenaries to spearhead an attack of Roughs Tower.[9] They stormed the tower with speedboats, jet skies and helicopters, and took Bates' son hostage. Bates was able to retake the tower and capture Achenbach and the mercenaries. Achenbach, a German lawyer who held a Sealand passport, was charged with treason against Sealand[9] and was held unless he paid DM 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000).[10] The governments of the Netherlands, Austria and Germany petitioned the British government for his release, but the United Kingdom disavowed his imprisonment, citing the 1968 court decision.[11] Germany then sent a diplomat from its London embassy to Roughs Tower to negotiate for Achenbach's release. Roy Bates relented after several weeks of negotiations and subsequently claimed that the diplomat's visit constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany.[9]
Following his repatriation, Achenbach and Gernot Pütz established a "government in exile", sometimes known as the Sealand Rebel Government, or Sealandic Rebel Government, in Germany.[9] Achenbach's appointed successor, Johannes Seiger, continues to claim via his website that he is Sealand's legitimate ruling authority.[12]
Referensi
- ^ "info_paper.id" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 22 June 2010.
- ^ "Information on the Principality of Sealand including GDP" (PDF). Summit of Micronations. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2007.
- ^ a b c Zumerchik, John (2008). Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues. ABC-CLIO Ltd. hlm. 563. ISBN 978-1-85109-711-1.
- ^ John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. hlm. 9. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
- ^ Gould, Jack (24 Maret 1966). "Radio: British Commercial Broadcasters Are at Sea; Illegal Programs Are Beamed From Ships". New York Times.
- ^ "Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off". Wired News. July 2000. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2007.
- ^ Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates, The Shire Hall, Chelmsford, 25 October 1968. "Regina v. Paddy Roy Bates and Michael Roy Bates". The Shire Hall, Chelmsford. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2007.
- ^ "The Principality of Sealand". Sealandgov.org. Diakses tanggal 21 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d John Ryan, George Dunford & Simon Sellars (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. hlm. 11. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.
- ^ "Attempt to free captive from private 'island' fails". The Times. 5 September 1978. hlm. 3.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamasealandgov.org - ^ "Homepage of Sealandic Government in Exile". Sealandic Government in Exile. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2007.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Garfinkel, Simson. "Welcome to Sealand. Now Bugger Off". Wired Magazine. July 2000. Vol. 8.07.
- Gilmour, Kim. "Sealand: Wish You Were Here?" Internet Magazine. August 2002.
- McCullagh, Declan (4 August 2003). "Has 'haven' for questionable sites sunk?". CNET News.com. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2003.
- Lackey, Ryan. "Haven Company: What Really Happened". Address at Defcon 11. Las Vegas, 3 August 2003.
- Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt. "Republics of the Reefs": Nation-Building on the Continental Shelf and in the World's Oceans". California Western International Law Journal, vol. 25, no. 1. Fall 1994.
- Miller, Marjorie, & Boudreaux, Richard. "A Nation for Friend and Faux". Los Angeles Times. 7 June 2000. p. A-1.
- Slapper, Gary. "How a law-less 'data haven' is using law to protect itself". The Times. 8 August 2000. p. 3.
- "Stop signs on the web; The battle between freedom and regulation on the Internet". The Economist. 13 January 2001. p1.
- Strauss, Erwin S. How to Start Your Own Country, 2nd ed. Port Townsend, WA: Breakout Productions, 1984. ISBN 1-893626-15-6.
- Connelly, Charlie. Attention All Shipping: A Journey Round The Shipping Forecast, Abacus, 2005. ISBN 0-349-11603-2.
- Goldsmith, Jack, & Wu, Tim. Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World, 2006, ISBN 0-19-515266-2.
- Fogle, Ben. Offshore: In search of an island of my own, Penguin Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-102434-9.
- "License Plates of Sealand (Great Britain)." LICENSE PLATES OF THE WORLD. Web. 28 December 2009. <http://www.worldlicenseplates.com/world/EU_SEAL.html>.