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Revisi per 9 Februari 2021 23.28

Potret diri Maximilien de Robespierre (ca. 1790)

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 Mei 1758 – 28 Juli 1794) adalah pengacara dan politikus yang menjadi salah satu tokoh paling terkenal dan berpengaruh pada Revolusi Prancis. Ia mengendalikan Komite Keselamatan Publik (Prancis: Comité de salut public) yang merupakan pemerintah de facto pada masa Pemerintahan Teror yang berakhir dengan penangkapan dan eksekusi Robespierre pada tahun 1794. Ia dipengaruhi oleh para filsuf Abad Pencerahan seperti Jean-Jacques Rousseau dan Montesquieu dan merupakan juru bicara utama kaum borjuis sayap kiri pada saat itu.

Masa Muda

Maximilien de Robespierre dilahirkan di Aras, suatu provinsi Prancis lama di Artois. Keluarganya jika ditelusuri jejaknya pada abad 15 berasal dari Vadricourt, Pas-de-Calais. salah satu leluhurnya Robert de Robespierre bekerja sebagai notaris di Carvin dekat Arras pertengahan abad ke-17.^[1] Kakek dari pihak ayah, juga bernama Maximilien de Robespierre, menempatkan dirinya di Arras sebagai pengacara. Ayahnya, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre, adalah seorang pengacara di Conseil d'Artois, dan menikah dengan Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, putri pembuat bir, pada 2 Januari 1758. Maximilien adalah anak tertua dari empat bersaudara dan dikandung di luar nikah. Saudara-saudaranya adalah Charlotte (8 Februari 1760 - 1 Agustus 1834), Henriette (28 Desember 1761 - 5 Maret 1780), dan Augustin (21 Januari 1763 - 28 Juli 1794).

Referensi

^ Lavoine, A. (1914) La famille de Robespierre et ses origines. Documents inédits sur le séjour des Robespierre à Vaudricourt, Béthune, Harnes, Hénin-Liétard, Carvin et Arras. (1452–1790). In: Revue du Nord, tome 5, n°18, May 1914. p. 114. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1914.1244 www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1914_num_5_18_1244 ^

Baker, Keith Michael (ed.) (1987). The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226069354. Good summary that relies almost entirely on primary source documents with short summarizing essays that explain those documents
Carlyle, Thomas (2002). The French Revolution: A History, Volume III: The Guillotine. Cambridge, MA: IndyPublish.com. ISBN 1404303987. A Romantic account more useful for historiographical studies than as accurate history
Carr, John. (1972). Robespierre: the force of circumstance. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Doyle, William, Haydon, Colin (eds.) (1999). Robespierre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521591163. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (link) A collection of essays covering not only Robespierre's thoughts and deeds but also the way he has been portrayed by historians and fictional writers alike.
- Reviewed by Hilary Mantel in the London Review of Books, Vol. 22, No. 7, March 30, 2000.
Eagan, James Michael (1978). Maximilien Robespierre: Nationalist Dictator. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 0374924406. Presents Robespierre as the origin of Fascist dictators.
Hampson, Norman (1974). The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0715607413. Presents three contrasting views
Jordan, David P. (1989). The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226410374. Sympathetic but not un-critical left-wing study
Lenotre, G., Robespierre's Rise and Fall, London: Hutchinson & Co. (1927) Critical
Matrat, Jean. (1971). Robespierre: or the tyranny of the Majority. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. ISBN 0-684-14055-1.
Linton, Marisa. "Robespierre and the Terror", History Today, August 2006, Volume 56, Issue 8, pp. 23–29
Palmer, R.R. (1941). Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05119-4. A sympathetic study of the Committee of Public Safety.
Rudé, George (1976). Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670601284. Sympathetic Marxist analysis comparing him with Lenin and Mao.
Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394559487. A revisionist account.
Scurr, Ruth. Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. London: Metropolitan Books, 2006 (ISBN 0-8050-7987-4).
- Reviewed by Hilary Mantel in the London Review of Books, Vol. 28 No. 8, April 20, 2006.
- Reviewed by Marisa Linton in the History Today, June 2006, Volume 56, Issue 6, pp. 66–66.
- Reviewed by Sudhir Hazareesingh in the Times Literary Supplement, June 7, 2006.
Sobel, Robert, The French Revolution (1967)
Soboul, Albert. "Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4", Past and Present, No. 5. (May, 1954), pp. 54–70.
Thompson, James M. (1988). Robespierre. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-15504-X. Traditional biography with extensive and reliable research.
Tucker, Florence. (2005). 999 Little Known Facts. Oxford: Jonathan and Associates. ISBN 0-631-15504-X.
Merriman, John(2004). "Thermidor"(2nd ed.). A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present,p 507. W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-393-92495-5

Pranala luar

Cari tahu mengenai Maximilien de Robespierre pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
	Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary
	Gambar dan media dari Commons
	Berita dari Wikinews
	Kutipan dari Wikiquote
	Teks sumber dari Wikisource
	Buku dari Wikibuku

Maximilien Robespierre Internet Archive on Marxists.org
Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794
The French Revolution, Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre - bronze miniature by Igor Zeinalov
Why Robespierre Chose Terror by John Kekes. City Journal, Spring 2006.
Robespierre.org.uk
Family tree (back to the 18th generation) (also here)
Artikel ini menyertakan teks dari suatu terbitan yang sekarang berada pada ranah publik: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "perlu nama artikel ". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. Teks "Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de" akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Remembering the Reign of Terror by Dolan Cummings, Spiked Review of Books, Issue No. 7, November 2007
Maximilien de Robespierre di Find a Grave
A.M.R.I.D (Association Maximilien Robespierre pour l'Idéal Démocratique)(in French)

[1] Lavoine, A. (1914) La famille de Robespierre et ses origines. Documents inédits sur le séjour des Robespierre à Vaudricourt, Béthune, Harnes, Hénin-Liétard, Carvin et Arras. (1452–1790). In: Revue du Nord, tome 5, n°18, May 1914. p. 114. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1914.1244 www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1914_num_5_18_1244 ^

[1]

@@ Baris 15: / Baris 15: @@
 * {{cite book|author=Doyle, William, Haydon, Colin (eds.)|title=Robespierre|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=0521591163}} A collection of essays covering not only Robespierre's thoughts and deeds but also the way he has been portrayed by historians and fictional writers alike.
 ** [http://web.archive.org/web/20070609194601/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n07/mant01_.html Reviewed] by [[Hilary Mantel]] in the ''London Review of Books'', Vol.&nbsp;22, No.&nbsp;7, March&nbsp;30, 2000.
-* {{cite book|author=Eagan, James Michael|title=Maximilien Robespierre: Nationalist Dictator|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books|year=1978|isbn=0374924406}} Presents Robespierre as the origin of [[Fascism|Fascist]] dictators.
+* {{cite book|author=Eagan, James Michael|title=Maximilien Robespierre: Nationalist Dictator|url=https://archive.org/details/maximilienrobesp0000eaga|location=New York|publisher=Octagon Books|year=1978|isbn=0374924406}} Presents Robespierre as the origin of [[Fascism|Fascist]] dictators.
 * {{cite book|author=Hampson, Norman|title=The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre|location=London|publisher=Duckworth|year=1974|isbn=0715607413}} Presents three contrasting views
-* {{cite book|author=Jordan, David P.|title=The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|isbn=0226410374}} Sympathetic but not un-critical left-wing study
+* {{cite book|author=Jordan, David P.|title=The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionarycar00jord|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|isbn=0226410374}} Sympathetic but not un-critical left-wing study
 * [[Théodore Gosselin|Lenotre, G.]], ''Robespierre's Rise and Fall,'' London: Hutchinson & Co. (1927) Critical
-* {{cite book|author=Matrat, Jean.|title=Robespierre: or the tyranny of the Majority|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons|year=1971|isbn=0-684-14055-1}}
+* {{cite book|author=Matrat, Jean.|title=Robespierre: or the tyranny of the Majority|url=https://archive.org/details/robespierreortyr00matr|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons|year=1971|isbn=0-684-14055-1}}
 * Linton, Marisa. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070313181009/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=31771&aid=&tgid=&amid=30232604&g31771=x&g31763=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x "Robespierre and the Terror"], ''History Today'', August 2006, Volume&nbsp;56, Issue&nbsp;8, pp.&nbsp;23–29
-* {{cite book|author=[[R.R. Palmer|Palmer, R.R.]]|title=Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of Terror in the French Revolution|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1941|isbn=0-691-05119-4}} A sympathetic study of the [[Committee of Public Safety]].
+* {{cite book|author=[[R.R. Palmer|Palmer, R.R.]]|title=Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of Terror in the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/twelvewhoruled0000unse|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1941|isbn=0-691-05119-4}} A sympathetic study of the [[Committee of Public Safety]].
 * {{cite book|author=[[George Rudé|Rudé, George]]|title=Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat|location=New York|publisher=Viking Press|year=1976|isbn=0670601284}} Sympathetic [[Marxism|Marxist]] analysis comparing him with [[Lenin]] and [[Mao]].
 * {{cite book|authorlink=Simon Schama|last=Schama|first=Simon|title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1989|isbn=0394559487}} A revisionist account.