Manuel Noriega: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Spanish name|Noriega|Moreno}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Manuel Noriega |
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| image = Manuel Noriega mugshot cropped.jpg |
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|caption=Mugshot of Noriega, after his surrender (1990) |
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| caption = |
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| birth_name=Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno |
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|term=12 Agustus 1983 – 20 Desember 1989<br />({{age in years and days|1983|8|12|1989|12|20}}) |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|02|11|mf=yes}} |
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|02|11|mf=yes}} |
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| birth_place = [[Panama |
| birth_place = [[Kota Panama]], [[Panama]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|05|29|1934|02|11|mf=yes}} |
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|05|29|1934|02|11|mf=yes}} |
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| death_place = |
| death_place = Kota Panama, Panama |
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| death_cause = |
| death_cause = Komplikasi dari [[bedah saraf|operasi otak]] |
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| spouse = Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega |
| spouse = Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega |
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| children = 3 |
| children = 3 |
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|alma_mater=[[Sekolah Militer Chorrillos]]<br />[[ |
| alma_mater = [[Sekolah Militer Chorrillos]]<br />[[Institut Belahan Bumi Barat untuk Kerja Sama Keamanan|Sekolah Amerika]] |
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| order = [[Daftar Presiden Panama|Pemimpin Maksimum Pembebasan Nasional Panama]]<ref name=Gilboa>{{cite journal|first=Eytan|last=Gilboa|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/gilboa.htm|archivedate=26 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426073757/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/gilboa.htm|title=The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=110|issue=4|pages=539–562|access-date=1 Juli 2011|doi=10.2307/2151883|jstor=2151883|year=1995}}</ref> |
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| term = 15 Desember 1989 – 20 Desember 1989 |
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| predecessor = ''Jabatan baru'' |
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| successor = ''Jabatan dihapuskan'' |
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| term2 = 12 Agustus 1983 – 20 Desember 1989 |
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| allegiance =Panama |
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|branch = [[Pasukan Pertahanan Panama]] |
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|serviceyears = 1967–1990 |
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|rank = [[Jenderal]] |
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|unit = |
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|commands = Pasukan Pertahanan Panama |
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|battles = [[Invasi Amerika Serikat ke Panama 1989|Invasi Panama]] |
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|awards = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno''' ({{IPA-es|maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa}}; {{lahirmati||11|2|1934||29|5|2017}}){{efn|Secara umum diketahui bahwa Noriega lahir pada tahun 1934, tetapi terdapat ketidakpastian mengenai hal tersebut. Berbagai catatan menulis ia lahir pada tahun 1934, 1936, atau 1938. Noriega sendiri juga memberi berbagai macam keterangan mengenai tanggal lahirnya.<ref name="nytimesobit" />}} adalah seorang [[politikus]] dan [[perwira]] militer Panama yang merupakan penguasa ''de facto'' [[Panama]] dari tahun 1983 hingga 1989. Ia memiliki hubungan panjang dengan agen-agen intelijen Amerika Serikat, namun begitu, ia digulingkan dari kekuasaannya lewat sebuah [[Invasi Amerika Serikat ke Panama 1989|invasi Amerika Serikat ke Panama]]. |
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'''Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno'''<ref>Boyd Marciacq, Carmen. "[http://www.elsiglo.com/siglov2/Nacion.php?idsec=1&fechaz=29-01-2007&idnews=33933 Noriega: el dictador]." ''[[El Siglo]]''. Retrieved on January 8, 2010.</ref> ({{IPA-es|maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa}}; {{lahirmati||11|2|1934}}) adalah prajurit dan politisi asal [[Panama]]. Ia adalah [[Diktaktor militer]] [[Panama]] dari tahun [[1983]] hingga [[1989]].<ref name="t">{{cite journal |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101880222-148712,00.html |title=Panama Noriega's Money Machine |first=Michael S. |last=Serrill |journal=[[Time]] |date=2001-01-24}}</ref> |
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== |
== Dalam budaya populer == |
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Aktor asal Inggris, [[Bob Hoskins]] berperan sebagai Manuel Noriega dalam [[film televisi]] bergenre biografi tahun 2000, ''[[Noriega: God's Favorite]]''. Seorang pengulas film menulis bahwa "karier menanjak diktator Panama yang digulingkan, Manuel Noriega bahkan dapat melampaui kreasi surealis dari banyak novelis Amerika Latin, sehingga membuatnya menjadi subjek film yang alami".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/noriega-god-s-favorite-noriega-captured-1200461209/ |title=Review: 'Noriega: God's Favorite – 'Noriega' Captured'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety.com]] |date=12 Maret 2000 }}</ref> Hoskins dinominasikan untuk [[Penghargaan Satellite]] atas perannya dalam film tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/awards/gladiator-traffic-lead-golden-sat-noms-1117790733/|title='Gladiator,' 'Traffic' lead Golden Sat noms|date=18 Desember 2000|website=Variety}}</ref> |
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Noriega digambarkan dalam permainan video ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/2993611/call-of-duty-dictator |title=This Former Dictator Is Suing the Call of Duty Makers |work=Time|last=Abrams|first=Abby|date=4 Juli 2016|access-date=30 Mei 2016}}</ref> Pada Juli 2014, Noriega mengajukan gugatan terhadap perusahaan ''game'' [[Activision]] karena menggambarkan dirinya dan menggunakan namanya tanpa izin di dalam permainan video tersebut. Noriega, yang mengajukan gugatan ketika sedang berada di penjara, mengklaim bahwa ia digambarkan sebagai "penculik, pembunuh dan musuh negara".<ref name="Gibbons-Neff">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/16/former-dictator-manuel-noriega-suing-call-of-duty-makers/ |title=Former dictator Manuel Noriega suing 'Call of Duty' makers |last=Gibbons-Neff |first=Thomas |date=16 Juli 2014 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Dalam permainan itu, karakter fiksi Frank Woods mengacu pada Noriega sebagai "Old Pineapple Face", nama panggilan yang awalnya diterapkan pada Presiden Noriega oleh rakyat Panama.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/07/17/former-panamanian-dictator-manuel-noriega-sues-over-depiction-in-call-duty-game/ |title=Former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega sues over depiction in 'Call of Duty' game |date=17 Juli 2014 |publisher=Fox News |}}</ref> Pada 28 Oktober 2014, kasus gugatan Noriega terhadap Activision diberhentikan oleh hakim di California.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Linshi|first1=Jack |title=Judge Dismisses Manuel Noriega's Call of Duty Lawsuit|url=http://time.com/3544680/manuel-noriega-call-of-duty-lawsuit-dismissed/|work=Time|date=29 Oktober 2014}}</ref> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Catatan dan referensi== |
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===Catatan kaki=== |
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{{notelist|30em}} |
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===Kutipan=== |
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* William Blum [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol1/cia_body.html "The CIA, Contras, Gangs, and Crack"] at Foreign Policy in Focus |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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* Cole, Ronald. [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1220.pdf Grenada, Panama, and Haiti]. United States of America: ''Joint History Office{{ndash}} [[Defense Technical Information Center]], US Department of Defense''. 1998, 1999. |
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* Dinges, John, ''Our Man in Panama: The Shrewd Rise and Brutal Fall of Manuel Noriega'', New York, Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-8129-1950-5 |
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* Noriega, Manuel and Eisner, Peter. ''America's Prisoner{{ndash}} The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega''. Random House, 1997. |
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* Koster, R.M. and Sánchez, Guillermo. ''In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968–1990''. W W Norton & Co Inc, 1990. |
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* Murillo, Luis E. (1995). The Noriega Mess: The Drugs, the Canal, and Why America Invaded. 1096 pages, illustrated. Berkeley: Video Books. ISBN 0-923444-02-5. |
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* Robert C. Harding (2001). ''Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics'', Transaction Publishers. |
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* Robert C. Harding (2006) ''The History of Panama'', Greenwood Publishing. |
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===Daftar pustaka=== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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{{Portalbox|Panama|Biography}} |
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* {{cite book| publisher = C. Scribner's Sons| isbn = 978-0-684-19375-5| last = Albert| first = Steven| title = The Case against the General: Manuel Noriega and the Politics of American Justice| location = New York| date = 1993|ref=harv}} |
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* [http://www.specwarnet.net/miscinfo/patilla.htm Description of 1989 raid on Patilla airport, resulting in deaths of US Navy SEALs] |
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* {{cite book|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|last2=St-Clair|first2=Jeffrey|title=Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press|publisher=Verso Books|year=1998|isbn=978-1-85984-258-4|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-8129-1950-9|last=Dinges|first=John|title=Our Man in Panama|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V08YAAAAYAAJ|location=New York City|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Javier A.|last=Galván|title=Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW3P9uf-jRYC|date=December 21, 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6691-7|location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]], USA|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-399-13517-0|last=Kempe|first=Frederick|title=Divorcing the Dictator: America's Bungled Affair with Noriega|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQg__T-knb4C|location=London, UK|year= 1990|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |title = In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968–1990 |last = Koster |first = R.M. |first2 = Guillermo |last2 = Sánchez |year = 1990 |publisher = Norton |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-393-02696-2|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_the_Time_of_the_Tyrants.html?id=SzV7AAAAMAAJ|ref=harv }} |
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* {{cite book| publisher = L. Rienner Publishers| isbn = 978-1555872045| last = Scranton| first = Margaret E.| title = The Noriega Years : U.S.-Panamanian Relations, 1981–1990| location = Boulder, CO| date = 1991|ref=harv}} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite web |last = Blum |first = William |author-link = William Blum |url = http://www.fpif.org/reports/the_cia_contras_gangs_and_crack |title = The CIA, Contras, Gangs, and Crack |work = Foreign Policy in Focus|date=November 1, 1996}} |
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* {{cite book |last = Chiasson |first = Lloyd |url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.1/rs_20.html |title = Illusive Shadows: Justice, Media, and Socially Significant American Trials |publisher = Praeger |year = 2003 |volume = |issue = |pages = |isbn = 978-0-275-97507-4 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401080540/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.1/rs_20.html |archivedate = April 1, 2008 |df = mdy-all }} |
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* Gilboa, Eytan. "The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 110.4 (1995): 539–562. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151883 online] |
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* {{cite book |first = Robert C. |last = Harding |year = 2001 |title = Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics |location = |publisher = Transaction Publishers |isbn =9781412828697|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Military_Foundations_of_Panamanian_Polit.html?id=T-8vDg7V9awC}} |
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* {{cite book |last = Harris |first = David |title = Shooting the Moon: The True Story of an American Manhunt Unlike Any Other, Ever |location = New York |publisher = Little Brown |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-316-15480-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Shooting_the_Moon.html?id=vnyfQgAACAAJ}} |
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* {{cite book |last = Rempel |first = William |year = 2011 |url = http://williamrempel.com/2011/cartel-drug-bosses-helped-u-s-convict-noriega/ |title = At the Devil's Table |location = |publisher = Random House |isbn = }} |
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* {{cite book |last1 = Scott |first1 = P. |last2 = Marshall |first2 = J |url = http://www.peterdalescott.net/cocpref.html |title = Cocaine Politics |publisher = University of California Press |year = 1998 |isbn=9780520921283}} |
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* {{cite journal |last = Sherman |first = M.A. |jstor = 40176218 |title = An Inquiry Regarding The International and Domestic Legal Problems Presented in ''United States v. Noriega'' |journal = The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review |year = 1989 |volume = 20|issue = 2|pages = 393–428}} |
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{{refend}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204001/http://generalnoriega.com/ The Official Archives of General Manuel Antonio Noriega] |
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* [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Panama89eng/TOC.htm 1989 Report on the situation of human rights in Panama by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights] |
* [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Panama89eng/TOC.htm 1989 Report on the situation of human rights in Panama by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights] |
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* [http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/56/panama_again.html R.M. Koster's response to claims made in Noriega's biography] |
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* [http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/12/04/noriega.stroke/index.html Noriega suffers mild stroke, hospitalized in Miami (CNN.com)] |
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* [http://www.arm.org/noriega.htm ''The Conversion of Manuel Noriega''], American Rehabilitation Ministries. Noriega's profession of faith in Jesus Christ and his baptism in 1992 are chronicled. |
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* [https://archive.is/20120710122117/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_1_90/ai_70777165 The Battle for Coco Solo Panama, 1989] Analysis by former USMA faculty member and Academy graduate |
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{{Succession box |
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|title=[[Daftar |
{{s-ttl|title = [[Daftar Presiden Panama|Pemimpin Militer Panama]]|years = 1983–1989}} |
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{{S-end}} |
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|after=[[Guillermo Endara]] (sebagai Presiden Panama) |
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{{Presiden Panama}} |
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|years=1983–1989}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{lifetime|1934||}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Noriega, Manuel}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noriega, Manuel}} |
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[[Kategori:Presiden Panama]] |
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{{Negara-bio-stub|Panama}} |
Revisi per 5 November 2018 17.27
Manuel Noriega | |
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Pemimpin Maksimum Pembebasan Nasional Panama[1] | |
Masa jabatan 15 Desember 1989 – 20 Desember 1989 | |
Pendahulu Jabatan baru Pengganti Jabatan dihapuskan | |
Pemimpin Militer Panama | |
Masa jabatan 12 Agustus 1983 – 20 Desember 1989 | |
Presiden | Ricardo de la Espriella Jorge Illueca Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino Eric Arturo Delvalle Manuel Solís Palma Francisco Rodríguez |
Pengganti Petahana | |
Informasi pribadi | |
Lahir | Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno 11 Februari 1934 Kota Panama, Panama |
Meninggal | 29 Mei 2017 Kota Panama, Panama | (umur 83)
Sebab kematian | Komplikasi dari operasi otak |
Suami/istri | Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega |
Anak | 3 |
Alma mater | Sekolah Militer Chorrillos Sekolah Amerika |
Karier militer | |
Pihak | Panama |
Dinas/cabang | Pasukan Pertahanan Panama |
Masa dinas | 1967–1990 |
Pangkat | Jenderal |
Komando | Pasukan Pertahanan Panama |
Pertempuran/perang | Invasi Panama |
Sunting kotak info • L • B |
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (pengucapan bahasa Spanyol: [maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa]; 11 Februari 1934 – 29 Mei 2017)[a] adalah seorang politikus dan perwira militer Panama yang merupakan penguasa de facto Panama dari tahun 1983 hingga 1989. Ia memiliki hubungan panjang dengan agen-agen intelijen Amerika Serikat, namun begitu, ia digulingkan dari kekuasaannya lewat sebuah invasi Amerika Serikat ke Panama.
Dalam budaya populer
Aktor asal Inggris, Bob Hoskins berperan sebagai Manuel Noriega dalam film televisi bergenre biografi tahun 2000, Noriega: God's Favorite. Seorang pengulas film menulis bahwa "karier menanjak diktator Panama yang digulingkan, Manuel Noriega bahkan dapat melampaui kreasi surealis dari banyak novelis Amerika Latin, sehingga membuatnya menjadi subjek film yang alami".[3] Hoskins dinominasikan untuk Penghargaan Satellite atas perannya dalam film tersebut.[4]
Noriega digambarkan dalam permainan video Call of Duty: Black Ops II.[5] Pada Juli 2014, Noriega mengajukan gugatan terhadap perusahaan game Activision karena menggambarkan dirinya dan menggunakan namanya tanpa izin di dalam permainan video tersebut. Noriega, yang mengajukan gugatan ketika sedang berada di penjara, mengklaim bahwa ia digambarkan sebagai "penculik, pembunuh dan musuh negara".[6] Dalam permainan itu, karakter fiksi Frank Woods mengacu pada Noriega sebagai "Old Pineapple Face", nama panggilan yang awalnya diterapkan pada Presiden Noriega oleh rakyat Panama.[7] Pada 28 Oktober 2014, kasus gugatan Noriega terhadap Activision diberhentikan oleh hakim di California.[8]
Catatan dan referensi
Catatan kaki
Kutipan
- ^ Gilboa, Eytan (1995). "The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era". Political Science Quarterly. 110 (4): 539–562. doi:10.2307/2151883. JSTOR 2151883. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 1 Juli 2011.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamanytimesobit
- ^ "Review: 'Noriega: God's Favorite – 'Noriega' Captured'". Variety.com. 12 Maret 2000.
- ^ "'Gladiator,' 'Traffic' lead Golden Sat noms". Variety. 18 Desember 2000.
- ^ Abrams, Abby (4 Juli 2016). "This Former Dictator Is Suing the Call of Duty Makers". Time. Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2016.
- ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (16 Juli 2014). "Former dictator Manuel Noriega suing 'Call of Duty' makers". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega sues over depiction in 'Call of Duty' game". Fox News. 17 Juli 2014.
- ^ Linshi, Jack (29 Oktober 2014). "Judge Dismisses Manuel Noriega's Call of Duty Lawsuit". Time.
Daftar pustaka
- Albert, Steven (1993). The Case against the General: Manuel Noriega and the Politics of American Justice. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-19375-5.
- Cockburn, Alexander; St-Clair, Jeffrey (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-258-4.
- Dinges, John (1990). Our Man in Panama. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-1950-9.
- Galván, Javier A. (December 21, 2012). Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers. Jefferson, North Carolina, USA: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6691-7.
- Kempe, Frederick (1990). Divorcing the Dictator: America's Bungled Affair with Noriega. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-399-13517-0.
- Koster, R.M.; Sánchez, Guillermo (1990). In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968–1990. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02696-2.
- Scranton, Margaret E. (1991). The Noriega Years : U.S.-Panamanian Relations, 1981–1990. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1555872045.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Blum, William (November 1, 1996). "The CIA, Contras, Gangs, and Crack". Foreign Policy in Focus.
- Chiasson, Lloyd (2003). Illusive Shadows: Justice, Media, and Socially Significant American Trials. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97507-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 1, 2008.
- Gilboa, Eytan. "The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era." Political Science Quarterly 110.4 (1995): 539–562. online
- Harding, Robert C. (2001). Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412828697.
- Harris, David (2001). Shooting the Moon: The True Story of an American Manhunt Unlike Any Other, Ever. New York: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-15480-2.
- Rempel, William (2011). At the Devil's Table. Random House.
- Scott, P.; Marshall, J (1998). Cocaine Politics. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520921283.
- Sherman, M.A. (1989). "An Inquiry Regarding The International and Domestic Legal Problems Presented in United States v. Noriega". The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 20 (2): 393–428. JSTOR 40176218.
Pranala luar
- The Official Archives of General Manuel Antonio Noriega
- 1989 Report on the situation of human rights in Panama by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
- My Pen Pal, kisah Sarah York, seorang gadis dari sebuah kota kota kecil di Michigan yang menjadi sahabat pena Noriega, sejak 1988.
Jabatan militer | ||
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Didahului oleh: Rubén Darío Paredes |
Pemimpin Militer Panama 1983–1989 |
Diteruskan oleh: Guillermo Endara (sebagai Presiden Panama) |