Tibet (1912–1951): Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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| Baris 8: | Baris 8: | ||
|region = Tibet |
|region = Tibet |
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|era = Abd ke-20 |
|era = Abd ke-20 |
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|event_start = Perjanjian Tiga Poin |
|event_start = Perjanjian Tiga Poin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/china/china1.html|title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND TIBETANS|accessdate=25 Nov 2017}}</ref>, Proklamasi |
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|year_start = 1912 |
|year_start = 1912 |
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|date_start = Juli |
|date_start = Juli |
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Revisi per 25 November 2017 06.20
Tibet བོད་ Bod | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912–1951 | |||||||||
 Bendera Tibet | |||||||||
 Letak Tibet pada tahun 1942 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | Negara yang tidak diakui | ||||||||
| Ibu kota | Lhasa | ||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Tibet, rumpun bahasa Tibet | ||||||||
| Agama | Buddhisme | ||||||||
| Pemerintahan | Teokratis Buddhis[1] monarki absolut[2] | ||||||||
| Dalai Lama | |||||||||
• 1912–1933 | Thubten Gyatso (pertama) | ||||||||
• 1937–1951 | Tenzin Gyatso (terakhir) | ||||||||
| Era Sejarah | Abd ke-20 | ||||||||
• Perjanjian Tiga Poin[3], Proklamasi | Juli 1912 | ||||||||
• Dalai Lama ke-13 kembali | 1913 | ||||||||
• Ditempatkan di bawah Administrasi Pemerintahan ROC[butuh rujukan] | 1928 | ||||||||
• Pemerintah Nasionalis pindah ke Taiwan | 7 Desember 1949 | ||||||||
| 23 Mei 1951 | |||||||||
| 1950 | |||||||||
• Dibubarkan | 24 Oktober 1951 | ||||||||
| Populasi | |||||||||
• 1945 | 1000000 [4] | ||||||||
| Mata uang | skar Tibet, srang Tibet, tangka Tibet | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Sekarang bagian dari |  Tiongkok | ||||||||
Era sejarah Tibet dari tahun 1912 hingga 1951 setelah runtuhnya Dinasti Qing pada tahun 1912, dan berlangsung hingga penggabungan Tibet oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Rezim Ganden Phodrang Tibet merupakan Protektorat Qing[5][6][7][8] hingga tahun 1912,[9][10] ketika Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok menggantikan Dinasti Qing sebagai pemerintah Tiongkok, dan menandatangani sebuah traktat dengan pemerintah Qing yang mewarisi seluruh wilayah dari dinasti sebelumnya ke dalam republik baru, memberikan Tibet status sebagai "Protektorat"[11][12] dengan tingkat otonomi tinggi seperti pada saaat menjadi Protektorat di bawah dinasti tersebut. Pada saat yang sama, Tibet juga merupakan Protektorat Britania.[13][14][15]
Referensi
Kutipan
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z, Greenwood, 2002, page 1892
- ^ Nakamura, Haije (1964). "Absolute Adherence to the Lamaist Social Order". Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 327.
- ^ "AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND TIBETANS". Diakses tanggal 25 Nov 2017.
- ^ Goldstein 1989, p. 611
- ^ Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
- ^ Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China
- ^ Jin ri you zheng, 第 469～480 号
- ^ Bian jiang wen hua lun ji: Papers on China's border region cultures
- ^ Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."
- ^ Barry Sautman, Tibet’s Putative Statehood and International Law, in Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2010, p. 127-142: "Through its Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs [...]), the Chinese government handled Tibet's foreign and many of its domestic affairs. During the Qing, Tibet hosted imperial troops and border patrols, and the imperial court appointed Tibetan officials. The Lifan Yuan [...] ratified the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, created joint rule by aristocrats and high lamas and elevated the Dalai Lama above the nobles. From 1728, the [...] amban handled Tibet's foreign and military affairs. From 1793, the amban had the right to identify the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama [...]. Monastic finances were under imperial control [...]. Central-western Tibet was thus an administered territory of China under the Qing. In 1724, eastern Tibet was incorporated into existing Chinese provinces."
- ^ The Missing Girls and Women of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Sociological
- ^ Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance
- ^ 西藏硏究論文集, 第 2 号-西藏研究委員會
- ^ Lamas, Shamans and Ancestors: Village Religion in Sikkim
- ^ The Historical Status of China's Tibet
Sumber
- Bell, Charles Alfred. Tibet: Past & present (1924) Oxford University Press ; Humphrey Milford.
- Bell, Sir Charles. Portrait of the Dalai Lama (1946) Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. ISBN 086171055X
- Berkin, Martyn. The Great Tibetan Stonewall of China (1924) Barry Rose Law Publishes Ltd. ISBN 1-902681-11-8.
- Chapman, F. Spencer. Lhasa the Holy City (1977) Books for Libraries. ISBN 0-8369-6712-7; first published 1940 by Readers Union Ltd., London
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State (1989) University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06140-8
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (1997) University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21951-1
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955 (2007) University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24941-7
- Grunfeld, A. Tom. The Making of Modern Tibet (1996) East Gate Book. ISBN 978-1-56324-713-2
- Lamb, Alastair. The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914 (1966) Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2 volumes.
- Lin, Hsaio-ting (1 January 2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
- Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. ISBN 978-087773-292-1 (pbk).
- Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon In The Land Of Snows (1999) Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11814-7