Kerajaan Hungaria (1920–1946): Perbedaan antara revisi

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Pada tanggal 29 Februari 1920, sebuah Koalisi Politik Sayap Kanan bersatu dan memutuskan bentuk pemerintahan Hongaria adalah monarki konstitusional. Negara Pemenang Perang Dunia pertama jelas menolak raja Charles IV kembali naik takhta di Hongaria. Dengan kerusuhan sipil yang besar melonjak di Hongaria maka Admiral Miklós Horthy diutus untuk memimpin Tanah Lahir Tercinta nya Hongaria.., [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]] adalah Perdana Menteri Pertama Kerajaan Hongaria.
Pada tanggal 29 Februari 1920, sebuah Koalisi Politik Sayap Kanan bersatu dan memutuskan bentuk pemerintahan Hongaria adalah monarki konstitusional. Negara Pemenang Perang Dunia pertama jelas menolak raja Charles IV kembali naik takhta di Hongaria. Dengan kerusuhan sipil yang besar melonjak di Hongaria maka Admiral Miklós Horthy diutus untuk memimpin Tanah Lahir Tercinta nya Hongaria.., [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]] adalah Perdana Menteri Pertama Kerajaan Hongaria.


== Perang Dunia ke-2==
== World War II<!--linked from 'Péter Eötvös'--> ==
[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|thumb|left|The Kingdom of Hungary in 1941.]]
[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|thumb|left|Konsep Hongaria Raya telah terwujud.]]
{{Main|Hongaria di masa Perang Dunia ke-2|Pemerintahan Persatuan Nasional (Hongaria)}}
{{Main|Hungary during World War II|Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary (1941-44)|Government of National Unity (Hungary)}}


In 1940, the Kingdom of Hungary joined the [[Axis powers]] and demanded the concession of Transylvanian territory from Romania. German [[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazi regime helped Hungary [[Second Vienna Award|receive significant portions]] of Transylvania while avoiding a war with Romania. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany’s military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Anti-Semitism was already an established political cause by the far-right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the [[Holocaust]], where most of them died.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
Pada Tahun 1940, Kerajaan Hongaria menandatangani Pakta Tripartit dan dengan begitu masuk ke [[Blok Poros]] dan memaksa Wilayah Transylvania yang ditaklukan Romania untuk di kembalikan ke Hongaria. Pemimpin Jerman [[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]] dan Rezim Nazi memantu Hongaria mengambil wilayah tersebut dalam [[Second Vienna Award|receive significant portions]] of Transylvania while avoiding a war with Romania. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany’s military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Anti-Semitism was already an established political cause by the far-right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the [[Holocaust]], where most of them died.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}


In April 1941, Hungary joined Germany and Italy in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]. Hungary was allowed to annex the [[Bačka]] (Bácska) region in [[Vojvodina]], which had a relative majority of Hungarians, as well as the regions of [[Prekmurje]] and [[Medjimurje]], which had large [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] majorities, respectively. Its ambitions regarding Croatia were halted by the creation of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] and Nazi Germany’s alliance with the [[Kingdom of Romania]] against the [[Soviet Union]].
In April 1941, Hungary joined Germany and Italy in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]. Hungary was allowed to annex the [[Bačka]] (Bácska) region in [[Vojvodina]], which had a relative majority of Hungarians, as well as the regions of [[Prekmurje]] and [[Medjimurje]], which had large [[Slovenes|Slovenian]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] majorities, respectively. Its ambitions regarding Croatia were halted by the creation of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] and Nazi Germany’s alliance with the [[Kingdom of Romania]] against the [[Soviet Union]].

Revisi per 3 Januari 2016 15.11

Kerajaan Hongaria

Magyar Királyság
1920–1946
Bendera Hongaria
Bendera negara
Semboyan"Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae" [butuh rujukan]
Peta Kerajaan Hongaria tahun 1942
Peta Kerajaan Hongaria tahun 1942
Peta
Ibu kotaBudapest
Bahasa yang umum digunakanHongaria
Agama
Katolik Roma, Calvinisme, Lutheranisme, Orthodox Timur, Unitarianisme, Yahudi
PemerintahanRegency
Raja 
• 1920–1946
Jabatan lowong
Kepala Negara 
• 1920–1944
Miklós Horthy
• 1944–1945
Ferenc Szálasi
• 1945–1946
Majelis Tinggi Nasional
Perdana Menteri 
• 1920
Sándor Simonyi-Semadam
• 1945–1946
Zoltán Tildy
LegislatifDiet
 - Upper
Felsőház
 - Representatif
Képviselőház
Era SejarahPeriode antar perang
• Didirikan
1 Maret 1920
• Perjanjian Trianon
15 Oktober 1944
• Penghapusan monarki
1 Februari 1946
Mata uangKorona Hongaria (1920-1927)
Pengő Hongaria (1927-1946)
Didahului oleh
Republik Demokratik Hongaria
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • Lihat • Bicara
Info templat
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Kerajaan Hungaria (Bahasa Hungaria: Magyar Királyság), dikenal juga sebagai Perwalian, yang muncul di peta Eropa pada 1920 sampai 1946 sebagai negara de facto dibawah naungan Admiral Miklós Horthy. Horthy resmi mewakili monarki Hungaria Charles IV, Apostolik Raja Hungaria. Upaya oleh Charles IV untuk kembali ke tahta dicegah oleh ancaman perang dari negara-negara tetangga dan oleh kurangnya dukungan dari Horthy.

Negara ini dianggap oleh beberapa sejarawan sebagai negara klien Nazi Jermam dari 1938 ke 1944.[1] Kerajaan Hongaria dibawah Horthy ini merupakan salah satu negara yang menandatangani Pakta Tripartit. Tahun 1944, setelah Rezim Horthy untuk meninggalkan perang, Jerman dengan cepat menduduki tanah Hongaria dan menggulingkan Rezim Horthy. Digantikan oleh Pemimpin Partai Panah Silang (Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom) yaitu Ferenc Szálasi dan membentuk pemerintahan baru yang dikontrol tepat di bawah komando pendudukan Jerman, dengan begitu otomatis Hungaria statusnya berubah, dari Kerajaan ke Negara Boneka.

Setelah Perang Dunia ke-2, Hungaria menjadi negara satelit Uni Soviet. dan pada 1946, Republik Hongaria Kedua didirikan dibawah kendali penuh Soviet. Baru pada 1949, negara independen Komunis Hongaria yang bernama Republik Rakyat Hongaria didirikan (Namun dipaksa masuk ke Aliansi Pakta Warsawa.

Pembentukan

Setelah pecahnya Kerajan Austria-Hongaria pasca Perang Dunia ke-1, Republik Demokratik Hongaria dan Republik Soviet Hongaria segera memproklamirkan diri pada 1918 dan 1919. Rezim Komunis Pendek Béla Kun meluncurkan aksi yang dikenal sebagai the "Teror Merah (Hongaria)", yang mana menggiring Hungaria berperang dengan Rumania. Pada Tahun 1920, jatuh ke dalam Konflik Perbedaan Ideologi, dengan Orang-Orang Hungaria Anti Komunis dan Pro-Monarki dengan kekerasan memburu dan membunuh dengan kejam orang-orang Radikal Sayap kiri, Intelek Komunis Hungaria, Bahkan Yahudi karena dianggap sebagai ancaman terhadap Kerajaan. Peristiwa ini disbut Teror Putih. akhir tahun 1920 pasca penarikan cepat pasukan Rumania, Kerajaan Hongaria di restorasi kembali.

Foto Admiral Miklós Horthy

Pada tanggal 29 Februari 1920, sebuah Koalisi Politik Sayap Kanan bersatu dan memutuskan bentuk pemerintahan Hongaria adalah monarki konstitusional. Negara Pemenang Perang Dunia pertama jelas menolak raja Charles IV kembali naik takhta di Hongaria. Dengan kerusuhan sipil yang besar melonjak di Hongaria maka Admiral Miklós Horthy diutus untuk memimpin Tanah Lahir Tercinta nya Hongaria.., Sándor Simonyi-Semadam adalah Perdana Menteri Pertama Kerajaan Hongaria.

Perang Dunia ke-2

Konsep Hongaria Raya telah terwujud.

Pada Tahun 1940, Kerajaan Hongaria menandatangani Pakta Tripartit dan dengan begitu masuk ke Blok Poros dan memaksa Wilayah Transylvania yang ditaklukan Romania untuk di kembalikan ke Hongaria. Pemimpin Jerman Führer Adolf Hitler dan Rezim Nazi memantu Hongaria mengambil wilayah tersebut dalam receive significant portions of Transylvania while avoiding a war with Romania. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany’s military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Anti-Semitism was already an established political cause by the far-right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the Holocaust, where most of them died.[butuh rujukan]

In April 1941, Hungary joined Germany and Italy in the invasion of Yugoslavia. Hungary was allowed to annex the Bačka (Bácska) region in Vojvodina, which had a relative majority of Hungarians, as well as the regions of Prekmurje and Medjimurje, which had large Slovenian and Croatian majorities, respectively. Its ambitions regarding Croatia were halted by the creation of the Independent State of Croatia and Nazi Germany’s alliance with the Kingdom of Romania against the Soviet Union.

On 27 June 1941, Hungary declared war against the Soviet Union. Fearing a potential turn of support to the Romanians, the Hungarian government sent armed forces to support the German war effort during Operation Barbarossa. This support cost the Hungarians dearly. The entire Hungarian Second Army was lost during the Battle of Stalingrad.

Hungarian armor and infantry in retreat, August 1944.

By early 1944, with Soviet forces fast advancing from the east, Hungary was caught attempting to contact the British and the Americans to secretly switch sides. On 19 March 1944, the Germans responded by invading Hungary in Operation Margarethe. German forces occupied key locations to ensure Hungarian loyalty. They placed Horthy under house arrest and replaced Prime Minister Miklós Kállay with a more pliable successor. Döme Sztójay, an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new Hungarian Prime Minister. Sztójay governed with the aid of a Nazi Military Governor, Edmund Veesenmayer.

By October of the same year, the Hungarians were again caught trying to switch sides, and the Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust. They replaced Horthy with Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi. A new pro-German "Government of National Unity" was proclaimed, and it continued the war on the side of the Axis. Szálasi did not replace Horthy as Regent, but was appointed as the "Nationleader" (Nemzetvezető) and Prime Minister of the new Hungarian Fascist regime.

On 21 December 1944, a Hungarian "Interim Assembly" met in Debrecen, with the approval of the Soviet Union. This assembly elected an interim counter-government headed by Béla Miklós, the former commander of the Hungarian First Army. At the end of March 1945, Szálasi's regime was driven out of Hungary.[2]

  1. ^ Seamus Dunn, T.G. Fraser. Europe and Ethnicity: The First World War and Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Routledge, 1996. P97.
  2. ^ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945, Routledge, 1996, page 420