- ^ a b Pendirian (Byzantium) kadang-kadang, khususnya dalam sumber ensiklopedis atau sumber tersier lainnya, dinyatakan secara tegas pada tahun 667 SM. Tetapi, para sejarawan telah memperdebatkan tahun pendirian kota secara tepat. Sumber yang sering diambil adalah sejarawan abad ke-5 SM, Herodotos, yang mengatakan bahwa kota tersebut didirikan tujuh belas tahun setelah kota Khalsedon,[1] yang mulai ada sekitar tahun 685 SM. Tetapi, Eusebius, yang sependapat bahwa tahun 685 SM Khalsedon didirikan, menyatakan bahwa Byzantium berdiri pada tahun 659 SM.[2] Di antara para sejarawan yang lebih modern, Carl Roebuck mengusulkan tahun 640-an SM[3] sementara yang lainnya bahkan mengusulkan setelah tahun tersebut. Lebih jauh lagi, tanggal pendirian Khalsedon sendiri juga masih diperdebatkan; banyak sumber yang menyebutkan tahun 685 SM,[4] lainnya tahun 675 SM[5] atau bahkan tahun 639 SM (dengan pendirian Byzantium tahun 619 SM).[2] Oleh karena itu, beberapa sumber lebih memilih menyatakan pendirian Byzantium cukup disebutkan pada abad ke-7 SM.
- ^ Nama kota ini secara resmi diganti menjadi Istanbul pada tahun 1930, tetapi nama ini sudah duluan dipakai sejak sebelum penaklukan Utsmaniyah tahun 1453.[6]
- ^ a b c Sumber-sumber memberikan data yang bertentangan mengenai luas Istanbul. Sumber yang paling berwenang seharusnya adalah Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul/Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), tetapi versi bahasa Inggris situs webnya menyebutkan beberapa angka untuk luas. Satu laman menyebutkan, "Setiap MM terbagi menjadi beberapa Munisipalitas Distrik/District Municipalities ("DM") dan terdapat 27 DM di Istanbul" dengan luas total 1,538.9 square kilometers (594.2 sq mi).[7] Tetapi, laman Sejarah Munisipal memunculkan angka yang paling eksplisit dan paling baru, menyatakan bahwa pada tahun 2004, "yurisdiksi Munisipalitas Metropolitan Istanbul diperluas mencakup semua wilayah dalam batas-batas provinsi". Laman itu juga menyatakan bahwa suatu hukum tahun 2008 telah menggabungkan distrik Eminönü ke dalam distrik Fatih (suatu hal yang tidak dipertimbangkan dalam sumber sebelumnya) dan menambah jumlah distrik dalam Istanbul menjadi tiga puluh sembilan.[8] Luas total tersebut, telah ditegaskan pada situs web MMI versi bahasa Turki,[9] dan suatu laman Yurisdiksi yang telah diperbaharui dalam situs berbahasa Inggris[10] adalah 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi). Kesalahan pengutipan: Invalid
<ref> tag; name "city-area" defined multiple times with different content
- ^ PBB mendefinisikan aglomerasi urban sebagai "populasi yang terdapat dalam garis wilayah berdekatan yang dihuni pada tingkat kepadatan perkotaan tanpa memperhatikan batas-batas administratif". Aglomerasi itu "biasanya menggabungkan penduduk di kota ditambah dengan penduduk di daerah pinggiran yang berada di luar, tapi berdekatan dengan batas-batas kota".[12] Per tanggal 1 Juli 2011, populasi aglomerasi Moscow dan Istanbul masing-masing adalah 11,62 juta dan 11,25 juta.[13] PBB mengestimasi bahwa aglomerasi Istanbul akan melebihi aglomerasi Moscow dalam populasi sebelum tahun 2015 (masing-masing dengan 12,46 juta dan 12,14 juta), meskipun ekstrapolasi menunjukkan bahwa angka sebelumnya tidak akan melampaui angka terakhir hingga semester kedua tahun 2013. Sebuah revisi pada data tahun 2013 karena data semester pertama tahun 2014.[12]
- ^ Herodotos Sejarah 4.144, diterjemahkan dalam De Sélincourt 2003, hlm. 288
- ^ a b Isaac 1986, hlm. 199
- ^ Roebuck 1959, hlm. 119, juga disebutkan dalam Isaac 1986, hlm. 199
- ^ Lister 1979, hlm. 35
- ^ Freely 1996, hlm. 10
- ^ a b c d Room 2006, hlm. 177
- ^ a b "Districts". Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Diakses tanggal 21-12-2011. Kesalahan pengutipan: Invalid
<ref> tag; name "mmi-districts" defined multiple times with different content
- ^ a b "History of Local Governance in Istanbul". Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Diakses tanggal 21-12-2011. Kesalahan pengutipan: Invalid
<ref> tag; name "mmi-history" defined multiple times with different content
- ^ "İstanbul İl ve İlçe Alan Bilgileri" [Informasi Wilayah Provinsi dan Distrik Istanbul] (dalam Turki). Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Diakses tanggal 20-06-2010.
- ^ a b "Jurisdiction". Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Diakses tanggal 21-12-2011. Kesalahan pengutipan: Invalid
<ref> tag; name "mmi-jurisdiction" defined multiple times with different content
- ^ a b "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2012". The Turkish Statistical Institute. 28 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. The United Nations. 5-04-2012. Diakses tanggal 20-09-2012.
- ^ "File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950–2025" (xls). World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. The United Nations. 5 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2012.
- ^ Mossberger, Clarke & John 2012, hlm. 145
- ^ WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004, hlm. 281
- ^ Çelik 1993, hlm. xv
- ^ Masters & Ágoston 2009, hlm. 114–5
- ^ Dumper & Stanley 2007, hlm. 320
- ^ Turan 2010, hlm. 224
- ^ "Population and Demographic Structure". Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2008. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2012.
- ^ Weiner, Miriam B. "World's Most Visited Cities". U.S. News & World Report. Diakses tanggal 21 May 2012.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Loughborough University. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012.
- ^ "OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey" (PDF). Policy Briefs. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. March 2008. Diakses tanggal 20 August 2012.
- ^ "IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games". The International Olympic Committee. 24 May 2012. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2012.
- ^ Georgacas 1947, hlm. 352ff.
- ^ Gregory 2010, hlm. 62–3
- ^ a b Masters & Ágoston 2009, hlm. 286
- ^ Masters & Ágoston 2009, hlm. 226–7
- ^ Finkel 2005, hlm. 57, 383
- ^ "İstanbul İl ve İlçe Alan Bilgileri" [Istanbul Province and District Area Information] (dalam Turkish). Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Diakses tanggal 20 June 2010.
- ^ "Weather Information for Istanbul".
- ^ "Yıllık Toplam Yağış Verileri - İstanbul".
- ^ "BBC - Weather Centre - World Weather - Average Conditions - Istanbul". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-05-18.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Istanbul". Diakses tanggal 2007-09-08.
- ^ Erdem, Selim Efe (2003-11-03). "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş" (dalam Turkish). Radikal.
49 sister cities in 2003
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- ^ "Chechnya rebuilds from Turkey". Newsreal. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2000-12-08. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-01.
- ^ "Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-23.
- ^ "Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities". © 2006–2009 City of Skopje. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-14.
- ^ (Polandia) "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 2005-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-29.
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Koordinat: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500
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