Dinasti Khalji

Dinasti Khalji atau Khilji adalah dinasti Turko-Afgan yang memerintah Kesultanan Delhi selama tiga dekade antara 1290 dan 1320. Dinasti ini merupakan dinasti kedua yang memerintah Kesultanan Delhi, yang wilayahnya mencakup sebagian besar anak benua India.[1][2][3] Dinasti ini didirikan oleh Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji.[4]
Asal-usul
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dinasti Khalji berasal dari keturunan Turko-Afgan.[5][6][7] Leluhur mereka, Khalaj, yang biasanya disebut sebagai orang Turkik, diyakini merupakan sisa-sisa Heftalit. Ada beberapa teori mengenai asal-usul Heftalit, dengan teori Iran[8][9][10] dan Altaik[11][12][13][14][15][16] sebagai teori utama. Teori yang paling menonjol saat ini menyatakan bahwa Heftalit berasal dari Turkik, kemudian mengadopsi bahasa Bactria[17] dan bermigrasi dari Asia Tengah[18] ke wilayah selatan dan timur Afganistan modern sejak sekitar tahun 660 M, di mana mereka memerintah wilayah Kabul sebagai Shahis Buddha Turkik.[19]
Menurut R.S. Chaurasia, Khalji adalah suku Turkik, tetapi karena telah lama menetap di Afganistan, mereka mengadopsi beberapa kebiasaan dan adat Afgan. Di istana Delhi, mereka diperlakukan sebagai orang Afgan dan dianggap sebagai barbar. Bangsawan Turkik menentang naiknya Jalal-ud-din ke takhta Delhi setelah Revolusi Khalji.[20][21][22]
Menurut The New Cambridge History of Islam pada abad ketiga belas, Khalji dianggap sebagai kelompok terpisah yang berbeda dari Turkik. Revolusi Khalji disebut sebagai perpindahan kekuasaan dari elit penguasa Turkik ke elit non-Turkik.[23] Namun, André Wink menyatakan bahwa Khalji adalah kelompok yang ter-Turkikfikasi dan merupakan sisa-sisa nomaden Indo-Eropa awal seperti Kushan, Heftalit, dan Saka yang kemudian berasimilasi dengan Afgan. Pada saat itu, mereka tidak dianggap sebagai Turkik atau Mongol, dan sejarawan kontemporer membedakan Khalji dari Turkik.[24][25]
Menurut Doerfer, Khalaj mungkin berasal dari Sogdian yang kemudian ter-Turkikfikasi.[26] Khalaj ini kemudian berafganisasi dan diyakini menjadi leluhur suku Pashtun Ghilji.[27] C.E. Bosworth menyatakan bahwa Ghilzai, yang merupakan mayoritas Pashtun di Afganistan, adalah hasil modern dari asimilasi Khalaj ke dalam Pashtun.[28] Antara abad ke-10 hingga ke-13, beberapa sumber menyebut Khalaj sebagai Turkik, tetapi beberapa lainnya tidak. Minorsky menyatakan bahwa sejarah awal suku Khalaj tidak jelas, dan identitas nama Khalaj masih perlu dibuktikan.[29]
Mahmud al-Kashgari (abad ke-11) tidak memasukkan Khalaj di antara suku Oghuz Turkik, tetapi menempatkan mereka di antara suku Oghuz-Turkman (di mana "Turkman" berarti "mirip Turkik"). Kashgari menilai Khalaj bukan bagian dari suku Turkik asli, tetapi berasosiasi dengan mereka sehingga dalam bahasa dan pakaian, mereka sering tampak seperti Turkik.[30][31] Muhammad bin Najib Bakran dalam Jahan-nama secara eksplisit menggambarkan mereka sebagai Turkik,[32] meskipun mencatat warna kulit mereka lebih gelap dibanding Turkik dan bahasa mereka telah mengalami perubahan menjadi dialek yang berbeda. Namun, Jahan-nama menyebut mereka sebagai “suku Turkik” yang sedang mengalami pergeseran bahasa, berbicara dalam dialek Khalaj, seperti yang diringkas oleh V. Minorsky.[32]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 2014-11-13.
This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.
- ↑ Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 368.
- ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. hlm. 80–89. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ↑ Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3. Indian History Congress: 832–841. JSTOR 44252438.
- ↑ Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) (dalam bahasa Inggris). Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
- ↑ Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2.
In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
- ↑ Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Orient Longman. hlm. 93. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
- ↑ Enoki 1959.
- ↑ Sinor, Denis (1990). "The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire". The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, volume 1. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 300. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-19.
- ↑ "Asia Major, volume 4, part 1". Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, University of Indiana. 1954. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-19.
- ↑ M.A. Shaban (1971). "Khurasan at the Time of the Arab Conquest". Dalam C.E. Bosworth (ed.). Iran and Islam in memory of the late Vlademir Minorsky. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 481. ISBN 0-85224-200-X.
- ↑ Christian, David (1998). A History of Russia, Inner Asia and Mongolia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. hlm. 248.
- ↑ Kurbanov 2010, hlm. 14.
- ↑ Adas, Michael (2001). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Temple University Press. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9.
- ↑ Baumer 2018, hlm. 97–99
- ↑ Talbot, Tamara Abelson Rice (Mrs David (1965). Ancient arts of Central Asia. Thames and Hudson. hlm. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-520001-0.
- ↑ Rezakhani 2017, hlm. 135. "The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present."
- ↑ "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-15.
- ↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017-03-15). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (dalam bahasa Inggris). Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 165. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5.
- ↑ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava 1966, hlm. 98: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."
- ↑ Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. hlm. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. "The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."
- ↑ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic. hlm. 28. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. "The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."
- ↑ The New Cambridge History of Islam (dalam bahasa English) (Edisi Volume 3). Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 9781316184363. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
- ↑ Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE (dalam bahasa English). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 80. ISBN 9781108417747. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
- ↑ Wink, André (1991). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World (dalam bahasa English) (Edisi Volume 2). E.J. Brill. hlm. 116. ISBN 9004102361. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
- ↑ Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages. Oxford University Press. 2021. hlm. 469. ISBN 9780191077432.
- ↑ Minorsky, Vladimir (1978). The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages. Variorum Reprints. hlm. 53. ISBN 9780860780281.
- ↑ Pierre Oberling (15 December 2010). "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakses tanggal 4 July 2020.
Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj.
- ↑ Ahmad Hasan Dani 1999, hlm. 180-181.
- ↑ Sunil Kumar 1994, hlm. 36.
- ↑ Ahmad Hasan Dani 1999, hlm. 180.
- 1 2 Sunil Kumar 1994, hlm. 31.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. hlm. 178. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8.
- Ahmad Hasan Dani (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1540-7.
- Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. (Edisi Second). Shiva Lal Agarwala. OCLC 575452554.
- Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1953). The Sultanate of Delhi. S. L. Agarwala. OCLC 555201052.
- Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4.
- Irfan Habib (1982). "Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy". Dalam Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (ed.). The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. 1, c.1200 – c.1750. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9.
- Kishori Saran Lal (1950). History of the Khaljis (1290-1320). Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC 685167335.
- Marshall Cavendish (2006). World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0.
- Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis, ed. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29138-5.
- Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic. ISBN 81-269-0123-3.
- Sunil Kumar (1994). "When Slaves were Nobles: The Shamsi Bandagan in the Early Delhi Sultanate". Studies in History. 10 (1): 23–52. doi:10.1177/025764309401000102. S2CID 162388463.