Dekret 900

Dekrit 900 (Spanyol: Decreto 900), juga disebut Hukum Reformasi Pertanian, adalah sebuah hukum reformasi lahan yang disahkan pada 17 Juni 1952, saat Revolusi Guatemala. Hukum tersebut diperkenalkan oleh Presiden Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán dan disahkan oleh Kongres Guatemala. Ini meredistribusikan lahan-lhan yang terpakai dari lebih dari 224 acre (0.902 km²) kepada para petani lokal, mengkompensasi para tuan tanah dengan bon pemerintah. Lahan dari sebagian besar 1,700 estate diredistribusikan kepada sekitar 500,000 keluarga—seperenam populasi negara tersebut.^[1] Tujuan dari legislasi tersebut adalah untuk mengubah ekonomi Guatemala dari feodalisme ke kapitalisme. Meskipun hanya berlaku selama delapan belas bulan, hukum tersebut memiliki dampak besar bagi gerakan reformasi lahan Guatemala.^[2]

Kelompok-kelompok pribumi, yang lahannya diambil sejak pendudukan Spanyol, meraih keuntungan besar dari dekrit tersebut. Selain meningkatkan pengeluaran pertanian dengan meningkatkan penanaman lahan, reformasi tersebut disanjung karena membantu beberapa orang Guatemala dalam mendapatkan dignitas dan otonomi.^[3]^[4] Dekrit 900 menimbulkan beberapa konflik dalam prakteknya, tetapi tidak besar, dan hukum tersebut disebut sebagai salah satu reformasi lahan paling sukses dalam sejarah. Namun, redistribusi memurkai para tuan tanah besar—termasuk United Fruit Company—dan Amerika Serikat, yang memandang reformasi lahan Guatemala sebagai ancaman komunis. Dekrit 900 kemudian menjadi sebab langsung dari kudeta tahun 1954 yang menggulingkan Árbenz dan menyulut Perang Saudara sepanjang berdekade-dekade.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Gleijeses, Pietro (1991). Shattered Hope. hlm. 3. ISBN 9780691025568.
^ Harbour, Creating a New Guatemala (2008), pp. 1, 20.
^ Gleijeses, The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz" (1989), p. 470. "What an anthropologist wrote of Guatemala in the early 1930s still held true in the fifties: 'The land is for the Indian the symbol of his right to live, the connecting link between the material life with the divine existence.' For the first time since the Spanish conquest, the government returned land to the Indians. For the first time, also, the rural workers and small peasants participated in trade union activities, even though their role was confined to the local level."
^ Gordon, "Case History of U. S. Subversion" (1971), p. 138. "The most striking feature of the Arévalo-Arbenz period was the organization and activity of the working class and peasantry, resulting in the development of new and powerful political groups—political parties, peasants' associations, agrarian committees for land allotment, labor unions, women's organizations."

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bowen, Gordon L. (1993). "U.S. Foreign Policy toward Radical Change: Covert Operations in Guatemala, 1950-1954". Latin American Perspectives. 10 (88). doi:10.1177/0094582X8301000106. (perlu berlangganan)
Forster, Cindy (2001). The time of freedom: campesino workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-4162-0.
Gleijeses, Piero (1991). Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02556-8.
Gleijeses, Piero (October 1989). "The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz". Journal of Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press. 21 (3): 453–480. JSTOR 156959. (perlu berlangganan)
Grandin, Greg (2000). The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2495-9.
Gordon, Max (Summer 1971). "A Case History of U. S. Subversion: Guatemala, 1954". Science and Society. 35 (2). JSTOR 40401561. (perlu berlangganan)
Handy, Jim (1994). Revolution in the countryside: rural conflict and agrarian reform in Guatemala, 1944–1954. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4438-0.
Immerman, Richard H. (1982). The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Kinzer, Stephen and Stephen Schlesinger (2005). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. ISBN 0-674-01930-X.
La Feber, Walter (1993). Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America. Norton Press. ISBN 0-393-03434-8.
McCleary, Rachel M. (1999). Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813017266.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Original text: Decreto Número 900 El Congreso De La República De Guatemala Diarsipkan 2012-08-13 di Wayback Machine.

Koordinat: 14°36′48″N 90°32′07″W / 14.6133°N 90.5353°W / 14.6133; -90.5353

[1] Gleijeses, Pietro (1991). Shattered Hope. hlm. 3. ISBN 9780691025568.

[2] Harbour, Creating a New Guatemala (2008), pp. 1, 20.

[3] Gleijeses, The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz" (1989), p. 470. "What an anthropologist wrote of Guatemala in the early 1930s still held true in the fifties: 'The land is for the Indian the symbol of his right to live, the connecting link between the material life with the divine existence.' For the first time since the Spanish conquest, the government returned land to the Indians. For the first time, also, the rural workers and small peasants participated in trade union activities, even though their role was confined to the local level."

[4] Gordon, "Case History of U. S. Subversion" (1971), p. 138. "The most striking feature of the Arévalo-Arbenz period was the organization and activity of the working class and peasantry, resulting in the development of new and powerful political groups—political parties, peasants' associations, agrarian committees for land allotment, labor unions, women's organizations."

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