Bencana kelaparan

Dari atas-kiri ke bawah-kanan: korban anak-anak kelaparan di Rusia (1921-22), Belanda (1944-45), India (1943-44), dan Nigeria (1967-70)

Bencana kelaparan, paceklik, atau kahat^[1] (bahasa Inggris: famine) adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana kelaparan bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh bencana alam lain, seperti gempa atau tsunami yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan kekurangan gizi sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada balita maupun lansia.

Definisi

Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, malnutrisi dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:

Sedikitnya 20% rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrem dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya
Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak-anak melebihi 30%
Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10.000 orang per hari

Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada PBB atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.^[2]

Lihat juga

Sumber dan bacaan tambahan

Asimov, Isaac, Asimov's New Guide to Science, pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc.: 1984.
Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Chaudhari, B. B (1984). Desai, Meghnad; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudra, Ashok (ed.). Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia. Vol. 1. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05369-4. Diakses tanggal October 1, 2010 Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
Davis, Mike, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, London, Verso, 2002 (Excerpt online.)
Dutt, Romesh C. Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India, first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2.
Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010). "Food-availability decline". Diakses tanggal October 1, 2010 Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
Ganson, Nicholas, The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. (ISBN 0-230-61333-0)
Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin, Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000), Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia (February, 2004).
Greenough, Paul R., Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal. The Famine of 1943-1944, Oxford University Press 1982
Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,Famine, Oxford University Press, 1988.
LeBlanc, Steven, Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage, St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since paleolithic times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html Diarsipkan 2009-02-16 di Wayback Machine.. 3 July 2006.
Middlebrook, Peter, When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia, Lambert Academic Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
Li, Lillian M. Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
Massing, Michael (2003). "Does Democracy Avert Famine?". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal September 27, 2010 Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
Mead, Margaret. “The Changing Significance of Food.” American Scientist. (March–April 1970). pp. 176–189.
Ray, James Arthur; Sivertsen, Linda (2008). Harmonic Wealth: The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-2264-9 Pemeliharaan CS1: Postscript (link)
Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [1] Diarsipkan 2012-07-12 di Archive.is
Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 via Questia via Oxford Press
Shipton, Parker (1990). "African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives". Annual Review of Anthropology. 19: 353–394. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033.^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
Sommerville, Keith. Why famine stalks Africa, BBC, 2001
Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 270–72.
Woo-Cumings, Meredith, The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its LessonsPDF (807 KiB), ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002.

Referensi

^ (Indonesia) Arti kata kahat dalam situs web Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia.
^ "South Sudan declares famine in Unity State". BBC News. 20 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2017.

Pranala luar

1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Morning Star Fishermen Diarsipkan 2017-10-19 di Wayback Machine. And The Race Against Hunger
United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
Article Diarsipkan 2012-03-02 di Wayback Machine. from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices
In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)PDF (1.48 MiB) (Peter Middlebrook)
Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times
Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity) Diarsipkan 2008-12-22 di Archive.is
Famine Crimes in International Law Diarsipkan 2008-08-17 di Wayback Machine.. David Marcus, The American Journal of International Law, 2003.
The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine Diarsipkan 2012-09-12 di Wayback Machine.

[1] (Indonesia) Arti kata kahat dalam situs web Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia.

[2] "South Sudan declares famine in Unity State". BBC News. 20 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 20 February 2017.

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