Dinasti Safawiyah

Dinasti Safawiyyah^[1]^[2]

سلسلهٔ صفويان
Dinasti Safawiyyah; سلسلهٔ صفويان
1501–1736
	Bendera Safawiyyah sejak abad ke-17. Salah satu lambang Safawiyyah.
	Peta negeri Safawiyyah yang digambar oleh Johann Homann.
Status	Kekaisaran
Ibu kota	Tabriz; (1501–1555); Qazvin; (1555–1598); Isfahan; (1598–1722);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Persia dan Azerbaijan
Agama	Islam Syiah
Pemerintahan	Monarki
Shah
• 1501–24	Ismail I
• 1524–76	Tahmasp I
• 1587–1629	Abbas I
• 1694–1722	Sultan Husayn
• 1729–32	Tahmasp II
• 1732–36	Abbas III
Sejarah
• Pendirian Safawiyyah oleh Safi-ad-din Ardabili	1301
• Didirikan	1501
• Serangan Hotaki	1722
• Penaklukan kembali oleh Nader Afshar	1726–29
• Dibubarkan	1736
• Nader Shah dimahkotai	1 Oktober 1736
Luas
	2.850.000 km2 (1.100.000 sq mi)
Mata uang	Tuman, Abbasi, Shahi. 1 Tuman = 50 Abbasi.; 1 Tuman = 50 French Livre.; 1 Tuman = £3 6s 8d.;
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	dnsDinasti Timuriyyah
	Ak Koyunlu
dnsDinasti Hotaki
dnsDinasti Afshariyyah
Mosul Eyalet
Baghdad Eyalet
Basra Eyalet
Sekarang bagian dari	Countries today Afganistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Pakistan; Rusia; Suriah; Turki; Turkmenistan;
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Dinasti Safawiyyah (Persia: سلسلهٔ صفويان; bahasa Azerbaijan: صفویلر) adalah salah satu dinasti terpenting dalam sejarah Iran. Dinasti ini merupakan salah satu negeri Persia terbesar semenjak penaklukan Muslim di Persia.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Negeri ini juga menjadikan Islam Syiah sebagai agama resmi,^[18] sehingga menjadi salah satu titik penting dalam sejarah Muslim. Safawiyyah berkuasa dari tahun 1501 hingga 1722 (mengalami restorasi singkat dari tahun 1729 hingga 1736). Pada puncak kejayaannya, wilayah Safawiyyah meliputi Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, sebagian besar Irak, Georgia, Afganistan, Kaukasus, dan sebagian Pakistan, Turkmenistan dan Turki. Safawiyyah merupakan salah satu negeri mesiu Islam selain Utsmaniyah dan Mughal.

Meskipun jatuh pada tahun 1736, salah satu warisan terbesarnya adalah kebangkitan Persia sebagai benteng ekonomi antara timur dan barat, pendirian negara yang efisien dan birokrasi yang didasarkan kepada "check and balance", dan inovasi arsitektur dan seni. Selain itu, karena Safawiyyah pula Syiah menyebar ke seluruh Iran dan daerah sekitarnya.

Asal-usul Dinasti Safawiyah

Dinasti Safawiyah bermula dari gerakan Sufi di kawasan Azarbaijan yang disebut Safawiyeh. Pendiri gerakan Sufi ini ialah Sheikh Safi Al-Din^[19] (1252–1334).

Sheikh Safī al-Dīn Abdul Fath Is'haq Ardabilī berasal dari Ardabil, sebuah kota di wilayah Azerbaijan Iran. Ia merupakan anak murid seorang imam Sufi iaitu Sheikh Zahed Gilani (1216–1301, dari Lahijan.) Safi Al-Din kemudian mengganti ajaran Sufi ini menjadi ajaran Syiah sebagai tanggapan terhadap serangan tentara Mongol di wilayah Azerbaijan. Pada abad ke-15, Safawiyah mula meluaskan pengaruh dan kekuasaannya dalam bidang politik dan militer ke seluruh Iran dan berhasil merebut seluruh Iran dari pemerintahan Timuriyah.

Sejarah

Pada abad ke-15, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mulai memasuki daerah orang Persia. Sebagai balasan, pengikut Safawiyah dari Ardabil merebut Tabriz dari Turki di bawah pimpinan Alwand. Safawiyah kemudian dipimpin oleh Ismail I dan di bawah pemerintahannya, Tabriz menjadi ibu kota dinasti Safawiyah dan ia sendiri mendapat gelar Shah Azerbaijan. Kemudian, Ismail I berhasil mencapai barat laut Iran dan merebut semua wilayah Iran dari Turki. Pada tahun 1511, tentera Uzbek berhasil diusir.

Sepanjang pemerintahan Safawiyah, Islam Syiah menjadi agama resmi Iran walaupun Syiah sudah lama dipraktikan sebelum zaman Safawiyah. Raja-raja Safawiyah kemudiannya membawa masuk lebih banyak ulama-ulama Syiah dan menganugerahkan mereka uang dan tanah sebagai hadiah atas kesetiaan mereka kepada dinasti Safawiyah.

Pada puncak kejayaannya, sastra, kesenian dan arsitektur Persia berkembang pesat dan contohnya adalah pembangunan Alun-alun Naghshi Jahan di Isfahan. Dalam bidang ekonomi, perdagangan Iran berkembang karena letaknya di tengah-tengah Jalur Sutera.

Kejayaan Safawiya mulai surut pada abad ke 17. Raja-raja Safawiyah semakin lama semakin tidak efisien dan hidup berfoya-foya. Iran juga terus diserang oleh Turki Utsmaniyah, Afghan dan Arab. Pada tahun 1698, Kerman direbut oleh orang Baloch, sementara Khorasan ditaklukan oleh orang Afghan pada tahun 1717. Selain itu, Safawiyah turut berhadapan dengan ancaman baru yaitu Kekaisaran Rusia di sebelah utara dan serangan tentara Mughal di sebelah timur. Lebih buruk lagi, ekonomi Safawiyah merosot akibat perubahan jalur perdagangan antara timur dan barat, sehingga Jalur Sutera tidak lagi digunakan.

Pada tahun 1760, jenderal Karim Khan mengambil alih kekuasaan sekaligus mengakhiri pemerintahan Safawiyah di Iran dan mendirikan Dinasti Zand

Catatan kaki

^ "Safavid dynasty". Britannica.
^ ^a ^b "Safavid Persia". Books. Google.
^ Ingvild Flaskerud (26 November 2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2011.
^ ...the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shi'i faith, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.
^ Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
^ Mazzaoui, Michel B (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 86–7. ISBN 0-521-52291-9, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
^ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 213. ISBN 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times
^ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
^ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 66. ISBN 1-57607-993-7, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
^ The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008), 449.
^ Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama AlirezaShahbazi
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama IIMP
^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, hal. 313.
^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, hal. 145.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.
^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Edisi XII, muka surat 873, edisi awal: " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK)

Pranala luar

History of the Safavids on Iran Chamber
"Safavid dynasty", Encyclopædia Iranica by Rudi Matthee
The History Files: Rulers of Persia
BBC History of Religion
Iranian culture and history site
Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
History of Safavid art
A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era.
Why is Safavid history important? (Iran Chamber Society)
Historiography During the Safawid Era
NEWMAN, Andrew J. Safavid Iran - Rebirth of a Persian Empire. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2009.
"IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Encyclopædia Iranica by Hamid Algar

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Templat:Link GA Templat:Link FA Templat:Link GA

[1] "Safavid dynasty". Britannica.

[gBooks-2] "Safavid Persia". Books. Google.

[Flaskerud2010-3] Ingvild Flaskerud (26 November 2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2011.

[4] ...the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shi'i faith, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.

[5] Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".

[mazzaoui-6] Mazzaoui, Michel B (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 86–7. ISBN 0-521-52291-9, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).

[savory07-7] Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 213. ISBN 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times

[cambridgesafa-8] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[price-9] Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 66. ISBN 1-57607-993-7, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.

[10] The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008), 449.

[11] Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.

[AlirezaShahbazi-12] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama AlirezaShahbazi

[IIMP-13] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama IIMP

[14] Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, hal. 313.

[15] Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, hal. 145.

[16] Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

[17] Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

[savoryeiref-18] RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.

[Meyers-19] Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Edisi XII, muka surat 873, edisi awal: " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK)

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