Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazdā (juga dikenal sebagai Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hormazd, dan Aramazd) adalah Tuhan tertinggi pada kepercayaan Zoroastrianisme. Ahura Mazda adalah pencipta dan penegak asha (kebenaran). Kata Ahura berarti cahaya dan Mazda berarti kebijaksanaan. Jadi Ahura Mazda adalah penguasa cahaya dan kebijaksanaan. Ahura Mazda adalah pencipta dan penegak Arta (kebenaran). Ahura Mazda adalah mahatahu dan mahakuasa, yang menciptakan kejahatan dipanggil Angra Mainyu, "roh jahat" yang sebagai pencipta kejahatan akan dimusnahkan sesuai dengan frashokereti (penghancuran jahat).
Ahura Mazda pertama kali muncul pada periode Akhemeniyah. Ahura Mazda dipuja dan dipanggil saja. Dengan Artahsasta II, Ahura Mazda dipanggil dalam triad, dengan Mithra dan Apam Napat. Pada periode Akhemeniyah, tidak ada representasi dari Ahura Mazda selain kustom untuk setiap kaisar memiliki kereta kosong yang ditarik oleh kuda putih, untuk mengundang Ahura Mazda untuk menemani tentara Persia pada pertempuran. Gambar dari Ahura Mazda mulai pada periode Parthia, namun dihentikan dan diganti dengan batu angka diukir pada periode Sassanid.
Daftar isi |
Tata nama [sunting]
"Mazda", atau lebih tepatnya Avesta batang-bentuk MAZDA-, Mazda nominatif, mencerminkan Proto-Iran * Mazdāh (perempuan). Hal ini umumnya diambil untuk menjadi nama yang tepat dari Allah, dan seperti kognitif Sansekerta yang Medha, berarti "kecerdasan" atau "kebijaksanaan". Baik Avesta dan kata-kata Sansekerta mencerminkan Proto-Indo-Iran * mazdhā-, dari Proto-Indo-Eropa * mn̩sd ʰ eh1, secara harfiah berarti "menempatkan (* d ʰ eh1) pikiran seseorang (* mn-s)", maka "bijaksana". [1]
"Ahura" awalnya kata sifat yang berarti ahuric, mencirikan entitas Indo-Iran khusus bernama * asura [2][3][4] Meskipun jejak angka ini masih terlihat dalam teks tertua India dan Iran, [1] dalam kedua budaya kata akhirnya muncul sebagai julukan dewa-dewa lain.
Nama itu diberikan sebagai Ahuramazda (Persia Kuno) selama era Achaemenid, Hormazd selama era Parthia, dan Ohrmazd digunakan selama era Sassania. [5]
Nama dapat dibuktikan pada prasasti dari Asyur Assurbanipal, dalam bentuk Assara Mazas (ini tampaknya akan mencerminkan bentuk * Asura Mazda sebelum perkembangan Iran Umum * s> h), meskipun penafsiran ini tidak kontroversial.
101 Nama dari Ahura Mazda [sunting]
Dalam Zoroastrianisme, 101 Nama Tuhan (Pazand Sad-o-yak nam-i-Khoda) adalah daftar nama-nama Allah (Ahura Mazda).
Dua terjemahan untuk setiap nama yang disediakan di bawah dalam bahasa Persia dan Inggris, satu dari Meher Baba[6] yang lain dari sumber online (persiandna.com)
| Name | Translations |
|---|---|
| Yazad Yazad |
Worthy of Worship Yaz meaning worthy of being attuned; Praiseworthy |
| Harvesp-tawan Harvesp-Tavaan |
All-Powerful Almighty |
| Harvesp-agah Harvesp-Aagaah |
All-Knowing All-Knowing |
| Harvesp-khoda Harvesp-Khudaa |
Lord of all Lord of All |
| Abadeh Abadah |
Without Beginning Without Beginning |
| Abi-anjam Abee-Anjaam |
Without End Without End |
| Bun-e-stiha Bune-Steeh |
Root of Creation Root of Creation |
| Frakhtan-taih Fraakhtan-Teh |
Endless Bliss The End of All |
| Jamaga Jamaga |
Primal Cause Ancient Cause |
| Prajatarah Parajtarah |
Exalted One More Noble |
| Tum-afik Tum-Afeek |
Purest of the Pure Most Open (Innocent) |
| Abaravand Abarvand |
Detached from All Separate from All |
| Paravandeh Parvandaah |
In touch with all Connected with All |
| An-ayafeh An-Aiyaafah |
Unattainable Unreachable by anyone |
| Hama-Ayafeh Ham-Aiyaafah |
Attainer of All Who Can Reach All |
| Adro Aadaro |
Most Righteous Most straightforward; Truest of All |
| Gira Geeraa |
Upholder of all Who Holds Everyone |
| A-ehem A-Chem |
Beyond reason Without Cause (Does not need a reason for existence) |
| Chamana Chamanaa |
Sovereign Reason Reason for Being |
| Safana Safanaa |
Bountiful One Creator of Progress |
| Afza Afjaa |
Ever Prolific Creator of Growth |
| Nasha Naashaa |
Reaching equally to all Who Reaches Everyone Equally |
| Parwara Parvaraa |
Nourisher Provider |
| Ianaha Eeyaanah |
Protector of the world Protector of Creation |
| Ain-aenah Aaeen-Aaenah |
Never Changing Not Different |
| An-aenah An-Aaeenah |
Formless Without Shape |
| Kharoshid-tum Khrosheed-Tum |
Most Steadfast among the Steadfast Most Determined |
| Mino-tum Meeno-Tum |
Lord Invisible Most Invisible |
| Vasna Vaasnaa |
All-Pervading Omnipresent |
| Harvastum Harvastum |
All in all Most Complete |
| Hu-sepas Hu-Sepaas |
Worthy of our profound thanks Worthy of Thanksgiving |
| Har-Hamid Har-Hameed |
All embracing Goodness Completely Good Natured |
| Har-naik faraih Har-Nek-Fareh |
All embracing Holy light Completely Good Noble Aura |
| Baish-tarana Besh-Tarnaa |
Remover of affliction Remover of Suffering |
| Taronish Taroneesh |
Beyond Affliction Mysterious |
| Anah-aoshaka An-Aoshak |
Immortal Immortal |
| Farasaka Farsak |
Fulfiller of Holy Desires Grantor of Wishes |
| Pajohdehad Pajoh-Dahad |
Creator of Holy attributes Creator of Noble Nature |
| Khwafar Khvaafar |
Compassionate Judge Generous with Justice |
| Avakhshiaea Afakhsheeaaeaa |
Merciful Giver Grantor of Generosity |
| Abaraja Abarjaa |
Bountiful Giver Most Abundant Provider |
| A-satoha A-Satoh |
Unconquerable Who Does Not Get Angry |
| Rakhoha Rakhoh |
Freest of the free Independent; Without Worry |
| Varun Varoon |
Deliverer from evil Protector from Evil |
| A-farefah A-Farefah |
Never Deceiving Who Does Not Deceive |
| Be-fareftah Be-Farefah |
Never Deceived Who Cannot Be Deceived |
| A-dui A-Duee |
One without a second Without Duality |
| Kam-rad Kaame-Rad |
Lord of desire Lord of Wishes |
| Farman-kam Farmaan-Kaam |
Decreer of Sovereign Desire Wish Is His Command |
| Aekh Tan Aokh-Tan |
Soul Supreme Without Body |
| A-faremosh A-Faremosh |
Never-forgetting Who Does Not Forget |
| Hamarna Hamaarnaa |
Just Accountant Keeper of Accounts |
| Sanaea Sanaaeaa |
Knowing all things Worthy of Knowing; All Knowing |
| A-tars A-Tars |
Fearless Fearless |
| A-bish A-Beesh |
Devoid of pain Without Suffering |
| A-frajdum Afraajdum |
Most exalted one Most High |
| Ham-chun Ham-Chun |
Ever the same Always the Same |
| Mino-satihgar Meeno-Steeh-Gar |
Invisible Creator of the Universe Creator of the Universe Invisibly |
| A-minogar A-Meenogar |
Creator of the Profoundly Spiritual Creator of Much Invisible Creations |
| Mino-nahab Meeno-Nahab |
Hidden within the spirit Hidden in Invisible Creation |
| Adar-bad-gar Aadar-Baad-Gar |
Transmuter of Fire into Air Who Changes Fire Into Air |
| Adar-nam-gar Aadar-Nam-Gar |
Transmuter of Fire into dew Who Changes Fire Into Water |
| Bad-adar-gar Baad-Aadar-Gar |
Transmuter of Air into Fire Who Changes Air Into Fire |
| Bad-nam-gar Baad-Nam-Gar |
Transmuter of Air into dew Who Changes Air Into Water |
| Bad-gail-gar Baad-Gel-Gar |
Transmuter of Air into Earth Who Changes Air Into Dust |
| Bad-gred-tum Baad-Gerd-Tum |
Supreme Transmuter of Air into dust Who Changes Air Into Wind |
| Adar-kibritatum Aadar-Keebreet-Tum |
Supreme Transmuter of Fire into divine sparks Who Changes Fire Into Jewels |
| Bad-gar-jae Baad-Garjaae |
Spreading Air everywhere Who Creates Air In All Places |
| Ab-tum Aab-Tum |
Creator of Lifegiving water Creator of Much Water |
| Gail-adar-gar Gel-Aadar-Gar |
Transmuter of Dust into Fire Who Changes Dust Into Fire |
| Gail-vad-gar Gel-Vaad-Gar |
Transmuter of Dust into Air Who Changes Dust Into Air |
| Gail-nam-gar Gel-Nam-Gar |
Transmuter of Dust into water Who Changes Dust Into Water |
| Gar-gar Gar-Gar |
Master Craftsman Creator of Creators |
| Garo-gar Gar-O-Gar |
Rewarder of sincere desires (Fulfiller of Wishes) * |
| Gar-a-gar Gar-Aa-Gar |
Creator of all Humanity and its actions (Creator of Mankind) * |
| Gar-a-gar-gar Gar-Aa-Gar-Gar |
Creator of all Human and Animal Life (Creator of All Things) * |
| A-gar-agar A-Gar-Aa-Gar |
Creator of all the four elements (Creator of 4 Elements) * |
| A-gar-a-gar-gar A-Gar-Aa-Gar-Gar |
Creator of all the planets and all other worlds (Creator of Stars) * |
| A-guman A-Gumaan |
Never in doubt Without Doubt |
| A-jaman A-Jamaan |
Ageless Timeless |
| A-Khuan A-Khuaan |
Eternally awake Sleepless |
| Amast Aamasht |
Ever-alert Alert |
| Fashutana Fashutanaa |
Ever-Protecting Always Guarding & Progress Creator |
| Padmani Padmaanee |
Recorder of Man's actions Keeper of Limits |
| Firozgar Feerozgar |
Victorious Victorious |
| Khudawand Khudaavand |
Lord of the Universe Lord of Creation |
| Ahuramazd Ahur-Mazd |
Lord of Life and Wisdom Wise Lord |
| Abarin-kuhan-tawan Abreen-Kohun-Tavaan |
Preserver of Creation Most Capable of Preserving Originality of Creations |
| Abarin-nao-tawan Abreen-No-Tavaan |
Renewer of Creation Most Capable of Creating New Creations |
| Vaspan Vaspaan |
Embracing All Creation Who Can Reach All Creations |
| Vaaspar Vaspaar |
Giver of All Things Who Can Provide Everything |
| Khawar Khaavar |
Infinitely Patient Generous |
| Ahu Ahu |
Lord of exisience Lord of Existence |
| Avakshidar Avakhseedaar |
Forgiver of sins Forgiver |
| Dadar Daadaar |
Divine Creator Creator of Justice |
| Raiyomand Rayomand |
Rayed in glory Full of Brightness |
| Khorehmand Khorehomand |
Haloed in Light Full of Aura, Light |
| Davar Daavar |
Lord of Justice Giver of True Justice |
| Kerfaigar Kerfegar |
Lord of Just Rewards Lord of Good Works |
| Bokhtar Bokhtaar |
Liberator Giver of Freedom for Progress |
| Farsho-gar Frash-Gar |
Awakener of Eternal Spring Refresher of the Soul with Progress |
Karakteristik [sunting]
Meskipun Ahura Mazda adalah dewa dalam agama Iran Lama, ia belum diberi judul "Allah pencipta". Gelar ini diberikan oleh Zoroaster yang menyatakan Ahura Mazda sebagai Allah pencipta, sepenuhnya bijaksana, baik hati dan baik, serta pencipta dan penegak Arta ("kebenaran"). Ahura Mazda digambarkan sebagai pencipta dan penegak Arta, ia adalah pendukung dan penjaga keadilan, dan teman dari orang yang adil.
Wahyu Zoroaster [sunting]
Pada usia 30, Zoroaster menerima wahyu. Ketika Zoroaster mengambil air dari fajar untuk ritual sakral, ia melihat sosok bersinar dari yazata, Vohu Manah, yang memimpin Zoroaster adanya Ahura Mazda, di mana ia mengajarkan prinsip-prinsip kardinal baik agama. Sebagai hasil dari visi ini, Zoroaster merasa bahwa ia dipilih untuk menyebarkan dan memberitakan agama.[7] Agama tua Iran menyembah banyak dewa yang disebut Daevas, bersama dengan tiga dewa yang lebih besar, masing-masing membawa Ahura judul. Zoroaster menyatakan bahwa hanya satu dari tiga dewa, Ahura Mazda adalah pencipta diciptakan satunya alam semesta. Dia menyatakan bahwa sumber segala kebaikan adalah satu-satunya Ahura yang layak beribadah tertinggi kepadanya. Dia lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa Ahura Mazda menciptakan roh yang dikenal sebagai yazatas untuk membantu dia, yang juga layak pengabdian. Zoroaster menyatakan bahwa semua Daevas Iran adalah setan dan tak membutuhkan ibadah. Setan-setan ini diciptakan oleh Angra Mainyu, kuasa jahat. Keberadaan Angra Mainyu adalah sumber dari segala dosa dan kesengsaraan di alam semesta. Zoroaster mengklaim bahwa Ahura Mazda bukanlah Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, tetapi digunakan bantuan manusia dalam perjuangan kosmik melawan Angra Mainyu. Meskipun demikian, Ahura Mazda adalah Angra Mainyu atasan, tidak sama nya. Angra Mainyu dan Daevas nya yang mencoba untuk menimpa manusia jauh dari jalan kebenaran (asha) akhirnya akan hancur.[8]
Bacaan lanjut [sunting]
- Ahuramazda and Zoroastrianism
- Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), History of Zoroastrianism, New York: OUP, ISBN 0-404-12806-8
- Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master", Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80., Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257
- Humbach, Helmut (1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the other Old Avestan texts, Heidelberg: Winter, ISBN 3-533-04473-4
- Kent, Roland G. (1945), "Old Persian Texts", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 (4): 228–233, doi:10.1086/370756
- Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1983), "Ahura", Encyclopaedia Iranica 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 682–683
- Kuiper, Bernardus Franciscus Jacobus (1976), "Ahura Mazdā 'Lord Wisdom'?", Indo-Iranian Journal 18 (1-2): 25–42
- Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924), "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 55: 52–61, doi:10.2307/283007, JSTOR 283007
- Kent, Roland G. (1950), Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, ISBN 0-940490-33-1
- Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6
- Schlerath, Bernfried (1983), "Ahurānī", Encyclopaedia Iranica 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 683–684
- The Gathas application for iPhone & iPad
- 101 Names of Dadar Hormazd Android Application
Bibliography [sunting]
- Boyce, Mary (1975), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I, The early period, Leiden: Brill
- Boyce, Mary (1982), History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians, Leiden: Brill
- Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazdā", Encyclopaedia Iranica 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687
- Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute
- Joseph, Frank (2007), Opening the Ark of the Covenant: The Secret Power of the Ancients, the Knights Templar Connection, And the Search for the Holy Grail, Career Press, ISBN 978-1-56414-903-9
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas (192), Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus, University of Michigan, ISBN 978-0-7286-0194-9
- Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2000), The Human Record: Sources of Global History : To 1700 4 (Illustrated ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-04245-6
- Corduan, Winfried (1998), Neighboring faiths: a Christian introduction to world religions, InterVarsity Press, ISBN 978-0-8308-1524-1
- Frye, Richard Nelson (1996), The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion, Markus Wiener Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55876-111-7
- Unknown (1999), History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass Publ
- King, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01762-7
- Whitrow, G. J. (2003), What is time?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860781-6
- Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3784-4
- Nigosian, Solomon (1993), The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1144-6
Referensi [sunting]
- ^ a b Thieme 1960, hlm. 308–309.
- ^ Thieme 1960, hlm. 308.
- ^ Gershevitch 1964, hlm. 23.
- ^ Kuiper 1983, hlm. 682.
- ^ Boyce 1985, hlm. 685.
- ^ 101 Names of Avatar Meher Baba
- ^ Nigosian 1993, hlm. 12.
- ^ Andrea 2000, hlm. 86.

